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Choline
Quaternary amine and essential nutrient required for phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin synthesis, acetylcholine neurotransmission, and as a methyl donor (via betaine) in one-carbon metabolism.
AI is 550 mg/d men, 425 mg/d women, 450 mg/d in pregnancy. Most Americans do not meet the AI. Deficiency causes muscle damage and hepatic steatosis from impaired VLDL secretion. Endogenous synthesis via PEMT is estrogen-dependent, making postmenopausal women and individuals with PEMT polymorphisms more reliant on dietary intake. Gut microbiota convert choline to TMA, oxidized in liver to TMAO, a putative CVD risk biomarker.
How each textbook covers it
duyff-complete-food-and-nutrition-guide-5e
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 12th ed. — Ch 33: Choline
AI is 550 mg/d men, 425 mg/d women, 450 mg/d in pregnancy. Most Americans do not meet the AI. Deficiency causes muscle damage and hepatic steatosis from impaired VLDL secretion. Endogenous synthesis via PEMT is estrogen-dependent, making postmenopausal women and individuals with PEMT polymorphisms more reliant on dietary intake. Gut microbiota convert choline to TMA, oxidized in liver to TMAO, a putative CVD risk biomarker.
Related terms
Betaine, One-carbon metabolism, Phosphatidylcholine, TMAO