1,597 entries.

100% juice

2,4-D is a pesticide residue — Herbicide widely used by gardeners and farmers

2,4-Hexadienal is a flavoring — Flavor enhancement, fragrance, fumigant

Structured interview in which a trained interviewer asks the respondent to recall all foods and beverages consumed in the previous 24-hour period, typically using a multiple-pass approach.

Dietary assessment method in which a trained interviewer records all foods and beverages a client consumed in the previous 24 hours.

The major circulating form of vitamin D and the standard biomarker of vitamin D status, produced by hepatic CYP2R1-mediated 25-hydroxylation of vitamins D2 and D3.

3-Carene is a flavoring — Antifungal terpene

3-Mcpd Esters is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:3n-3) from flaxseed, chia, walnut, and canola, the plant-source precursor of EPA and DHA via desaturation and elongation.

Mitochondrial pathway that sequentially cleaves two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from a fatty acyl-CoA chain through four steps (dehydrogenation, hydration, second dehydrogenation, thiolytic cleavage) per cycle.

Abietic Acid is a other — Texturizer in soap making; carrier for nutrients added to enriched rice

Acacia is a thickener gum — Emulsifier, flavoring additive, processing aid, stabilizer, thickener

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

DRI ranges expressed as percent of energy that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing essential nutrients: 45-65% carbohydrate, 20-35% fat, 10-35% protein for adults.

Acenaphthene is a other — Dye intermediate (coal tar derivative) in pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plastics

Acephate is a pesticide residue — Contact and systemic pesticide on growing crops

Acerola is a antioxidant — Antioxidant; natural source of vitamin C

Acesulfame K is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener about 200x sweeter than sugar

Acetal is a flavoring — Used in fruit flavorings; nutlike aftertaste; medicinal hypnotic

Acetaldehyde is a flavoring — Solvent; flavoring

Acetamide is a flavoring — Flavoring agent

Acetic Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant; solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils; styptic

Acetic Anhydride is a solvent processing aid — Dehydrating and acetylating additive; modifies starch

Acetoin is a flavoring — Flavoring additive and aroma; raspberry, strawberry, butter, cream, cheese flavors

Acetone is a solvent processing aid — Flavoring additive and solvent for spices residual in foods

Acetone Peroxide is a bleaching agent — Maturing additive for bleaching flour and dough; oxidizer

Acetophenone is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with bitter almond odor; strawberry, floral, fruit, cherry, almond, walnut, tobacco, vanilla, tonka bean flavorings

Acetylamino-5-Nitrothiazole is a veterinary drug — Animal drug used in turkeys

Acetylated Monoglycerides is a emulsifier — Coating additive, emulsifier, lubricant, solvent, texture-modifying additive

Acetylated Starch is a thickener gum — Modified starch with improved digestibility

Lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

Aconitic Acid is a flavoring — Flavoring additive in fruit, brandy, rum flavorings

Acrolein is a other — By-product of petroleum oxidation during cooking; food contaminant

Acrylamide is a other — Industrial chemical produced naturally in cooked foods; used in water treatment and food processing

Activated Charcoal is a solvent processing aid — Removes impurities causing undesirable color, taste, or odor in liquids

Energy introduced into reactant molecules to activate them to the transition state so an exothermic reaction can take place.

Abrupt decline in kidney function over hours to days, evidenced by rising creatinine or decreased urine output.

Severe inflammatory lung injury causing hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates, and refractory respiratory failure.

added sugars

Adenosine 5'-Monophosphoric Acid is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer in chewing gum, coffee, tea, snacks, soups, sugar/salt substitutes

A recommended average daily intake based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake by healthy people, used when an EAR cannot be established.

Documentation format mirroring the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process.

Adipic Acid is a acidulant — Buffering and neutralizing additive; flavoring; smooth tart taste

Legal documents in which a person specifies preferences for future medical care, including artificial nutrition and hydration.

Advanced Glycation End Products is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Aflatoxin is a other — Mold contaminant of corn, peanuts, tree nuts, dried figs

Agar-Agar is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and thickener; gelatin substitute

Agave Nectar is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Progressive degenerative disease of the central retina (macula) and leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults, with dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular) forms.

Alanine is a amino acid — Nonessential amino acid; flavor enhancer at 1% for pickling spice; dietary supplement

Major serum protein synthesized by the liver; historically used as a nutrition marker but now recognized as primarily an inflammation marker.

alcohol (in moderation)

Aldrin is a pesticide residue — Pesticide

Alfalfa is a flavoring — Natural cola, liquor, and maple flavoring

Algin is a stabilizer — Stabilizer in cheeses, frozen desserts, soda water, jellies, preserves

Alginate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Alginates is a stabilizer — Stabilizers and water retainers; clarifying additive for wine

Alginic Acid is a stabilizer — Stabilizer in ice cream, frozen custard, ice milk, fruit, sherbet, beverages, icings, cheeses, salad dressings; defoaming additive

Alitame is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener candidate; 2000x sweetness of sugar; no calories

Alkaloid is a other — Group of nitrogenous compounds from plants

Condition in which blood pH is higher than approximately 7.45.

Alkanet Root is a colorant — Red coloring for wines, inks, sausage casings

Monovalent radical consisting of an alkyl group united with oxygen.

Copy of a particular gene inherited from a parent.

Allspice is a flavoring — Natural flavoring in sausage, meat, spice, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, eggnog flavorings

Allyl Isothiocyanate is a flavoring — Flavoring in mustard, horseradish, onion; antimicrobial agent in packaged foods

Allyl Isovalerate is a flavoring — Flavoring derived from valeric acid

Allyl Sulfide is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit and grape flavoring; occurs naturally in garlic and horseradish

Almond Oil, Bitter is a flavoring — Cherry and almond flavoring; emulsifier in liqueurs and perfumes

Aloe Vera is a flavoring — Flavoring in bitters, vermouth, spice flavorings for beverages and alcoholic drinks

Alum is a other — Styptic; hardens gelatin; used in packaging

Aluminum is a other — Frequently used in food additives

Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate is a other — Purifying drinking water; baking powders; buffer; neutralizing in milling/cereal industries

Aluminum Calcium Silicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive (up to 2% of table salt); vanilla powder

Aluminum Sulfate is a other — Modifier for starch; used in sweet and dill pickles, packaging, pickle relish, potatoes, shrimp packages

Amaranth is a colorant — Red coloring (banned in US)

Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.

Ammonia_Processing_Aid is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Ammonium Chloride is a dough conditioner — Dough conditioner and yeast food in bread, rolls, buns

Ammonium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Buffer and neutralizer in cocoa products and animal feeds

Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent — Oxidizer, bleacher, modifier for food starches

Ammonium Saccharin is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener

Amoxicillin Trihydrate is a veterinary drug — Animal antibiotic used in meat and milk

Pathway involved in both catabolism and biosynthesis of carbohydrates, fatty acids, or amino acids.

Molecule with a polar (hydrophilic) region at one location and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) region at another.

Capable of reacting as either an acid or a base.

Cellular energy sensor activated by rising AMP:ATP ratio that switches metabolism toward catabolism (fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, autophagy) and away from anabolism (lipogenesis, protein synthesis).

Amyl Acetate is a flavoring — Artificial fruit essence; flavoring

Amyl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic berry, chocolate, fruit, liquor, rum flavoring; nail polish solvent

Amylase (Bacterial) is a enzyme — Antibacterial enzyme from various fungi

Severe, rapid-onset, multi-system allergic reaction that can cause airway compromise, hypotension, and death.

Reaction that replenishes or restores a substrate, e.g., conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.

Excess body fat that accumulates centrally around the trunk.

Reduction in red blood cell mass or hemoglobin below normal for age and sex.

Hypoproliferative, normocytic, normochromic anemia caused by IL-6-driven hepcidin elevation that restricts iron release from macrophages and intestinal absorption, sequestering iron away from erythropoiesis.

Anethole is a flavoring — Flavoring (fruit, honey, licorice, anise, liquor, mint, root beer, sarsaparilla, spice, vanilla, wintergreen, birch beer)

Aniline is a other — Parent substance for many dyes and drugs; rubber accelerator; antioxidant

Anise is a flavoring — Flavoring in licorice, anise, pepperoni sausage, spice, vanilla flavorings

Annatto is a colorant — Yellow-pink natural vegetable dye and spice flavoring

Carbon comprising the carbonyl function that can form a ring with the highest-numbered chiral carbon's hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide.

Eating disorder defined by persistent energy restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbance in self-perceived body weight/shape.

Age-related decline in food intake driven by altered taste/smell, delayed gastric emptying, increased postprandial satiety hormones (CCK, PYY), reduced ghrelin response, and social factors.

Capable of producing anorexia or diminishing appetite.

Anthracene is a other — Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Measurement of body size, composition, and proportions used to assess nutritional status.

Antibiotic Residues is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Antibiotics is a veterinary drug — Growth promotion and feed efficiency in animals

Three-base sequences of nucleotides within transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules.

Dietary pattern emphasizing foods that reduce systemic inflammation, modeled on the Mediterranean diet with added focus on omega-3s and polyphenols.

antioxidant

Pertaining to the antrum, the lower or distal portion of the stomach.

At or near the apex; pertaining to the intestinal lumen side of an enterocyte.

Polymorphic apolipoprotein gene (ε2/ε3/ε4 alleles) that modulates lipoprotein metabolism, plasma cholesterol response to dietary fat, and Alzheimer disease risk.

Protein component of a lipoprotein particle.

Organized series of events that, once triggered, leads to cell death.

Apple Extract is a antioxidant — Reduces formation of gene-toxic heterocyclic amines in cooked meat

20-carbon omega-6 PUFA (20:4n-6) derived from linoleic acid and the principal substrate for prostaglandin (PGE2, PGI2), thromboxane (TXA2), and leukotriene (LTB4) synthesis via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.

Subcortical brain region that secretes appetite-enhancing neuropeptide Y and appetite-suppressing melanocortins.

Landmark NIH trials demonstrating that a specific antioxidant and zinc formulation slows progression of intermediate to advanced age-related macular degeneration.

Conditionally essential amino acid that is precursor for nitric oxide (via NOS), urea, creatine, polyamines, and proline, with semi-essential status in growth, pregnancy, trauma, and sepsis.

Organic compound that contains a benzene ring.

Arsenic is a veterinary drug — Animal drug to promote growth in poultry and swine

Artificial is a other — Term for substance not duplicated in nature

Ascorbic Acid is a antioxidant — Preservative and antioxidant; vitamin

Ascorbyl Palmitate is a antioxidant — Preservative and antioxidant for candy; prevents rancidity and browning of cut fruit

Aspartame is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener; about 200x sweeter than sugar

Astaxanthin is a colorant — Pink/red pigment in salmonid fish flesh; carotenoid

Impaired muscle coordination, especially during voluntary movement.

Mass of plaque consisting of degenerated, thickened arterial intima.

Narrowing of arteries by atherosclerotic plaque, leading to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Atrazine is a pesticide residue — Most commonly used herbicide in US on maize, sorghum, sugarcane

Digestion of intracellular components (including organelles) by lysosomes.

Autolyzed_Yeast_Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Breakdown or digestion of body proteins, such as those found in blood or within cells.

Inheritance pattern of a gene on a non-sex chromosome in which only one copy of the gene is needed to express the trait.

Avermectin B And Delta is a veterinary drug — Broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antibiotic on dried citrus pulp and cottonseeds

DSM-5 eating disorder characterized by avoidance or restriction of food based on sensory characteristics, fear of aversive consequences (e.g., choking), or lack of interest in eating, leading to nutritional and/or psychosocial impairment without body image disturbance.

Azinphos Methyl is a pesticide residue — Insecticide

Azo Dyes is a colorant — Large category of food and cosmetic colorings

Azodicarbonamide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching and maturing additive for flour (up to 45 ppm)

Azorubine is a colorant — Red food coloring

B vitamins

Bacitracin is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic in beef, chicken, eggs, milk, pheasant, pork, turkey

Baker'S Yeast Extract is a flavor enhancer — Bouillon-type brothy taste in soups, sauces, broths, stocks, bouillon

Balsam Peru is a flavoring — Flavoring in chocolate, cherry, grape, brandy, rum, maple, walnut, coconut, spice, vanilla flavorings

Surgical procedures (sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion, adjustable gastric band) that produce substantial sustained weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related conditions.

Barley Malt Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

basal metabolic rate

Beef_Haem is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Beeswax is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, candy glaze and polish

Beet Juice Powder is a colorant — Vegetable dye for dairy products

Benomyl is a pesticide residue — Fungicide on peaches, apples, fruits after picking

Bentonite is a thickener gum — Food additive, thickener, colorant in wine; animal feed

Benzaldehyde is a flavoring — Artificial essential oil of almonds; flavoring

Benzene is a solvent processing aid — Solvent in modified hop extract for beer (regulated at 1 ppm)

Benzene Hexachloride is a pesticide residue — Pesticide

Benzoates is a preservative — Preservatives derived from benzoic acid

Benzoic Acid is a preservative — Preservative, antifungal, dietary supplement; flavoring

Benzopyrene is a other — Hydrocarbon from coal tar, cigarette smoke, incomplete combustion

Benzoyl Peroxide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching additive for flour, blue cheese, Gorgonzola, milk, whey

Benzyl Acetate is a flavoring — Synthetic raspberry, strawberry, butter, violet, apple, cherry, banana, plum flavoring

Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency syndrome with wet (high-output cardiac failure, edema), dry (peripheral neuropathy), or infantile presentations.

Beta-Carotene is a colorant — Yellow coloring (carrots, butter, egg yolks); vitamin A precursor

Bha is a antioxidant — Antioxidant, preservative, stabilizer

Bht is a antioxidant — Antioxidant, preservative, stabilizer

Liver-made, gallbladder-stored fluid that emulsifies fat and forms micelles for fat absorption.

Recurrent binge eating without regular compensatory behavior, causing marked distress.

Body composition technique that estimates total body water, fat-free mass, and fat mass from electrical resistance and reactance to a low-amplitude alternating current passed through the body.

Biotin is a nutrient vitamin — Vitamin; texturizer in cosmetic creams

Bisphenol A is a other — Used in polycarbonate plastics for baby bottles, food and beverage can linings, dental sealants, water bottles

Small, white, foamy accumulations of sloughed cells and secretions in the eye associated with vitamin A deficiency.

Bixin And Norbixin is a colorant — Active ingredients of annatto; carotenoidlike; yellow coloring

Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; the standard screening index for underweight, overweight, and obesity in adults.

Boric Acid is a preservative — Antiseptic with bactericidal and fungicidal properties; fungus control on citrus fruit

Borneol is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit and spice flavoring; peppery odor, burning taste

Bovine Somatotropin is a veterinary drug — Recombinant protein hormone to improve dairy cow milk production efficiency by 5-10%

The three essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which share a branched carbon side chain.

breastfeeding (lactation)

Bromated Flour is a bleaching agent — White flour with potassium bromate as a flour improver; strengthens dough, allows higher rising

Bromates is a bleaching agent — Maturing additive and dough conditioner (calcium bromate); flour improver (potassium bromate)

Brominated Vegetable Oil is a stabilizer — Stabilizer for flavoring oils in fruit-flavored beverages (less than 15 ppm)

Bromomethane is a pesticide residue — Fumigant in animal feed, apples, barley, cereal grains, corn, rice, dog food, wheat

Brown Fk is a colorant — Brown coloring (six synthetic azo dye mixture)

Brown Ht is a colorant — Brown synthetic coal tar and azo dye in chocolate-flavored cakes

Brown Sugar is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Compound that ameliorates a change in pH.

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior (purging, fasting, excessive exercise).

Butane is a gas packaging — Solvent, refrigerant, food additive, propellant or aerosol

Butyric Acid is a flavoring — Butter, butterscotch, caramel, fruit, nut flavoring; emulsifier

Acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to IL-6; biomarker of systemic inflammation.

Complex metabolic syndrome of unintentional weight loss with predominant muscle loss driven by an underlying chronic disease, characterized by anorexia, inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased protein breakdown.

Cadmium is a other — Metal contaminant in food, soil, water

caffeine

cage free

Vitamin D-induced intracellular calcium-binding protein that facilitates transcellular calcium absorption in the small intestine (9 kDa) and reabsorption in the kidney (28 kDa).

The hormonally active form of vitamin D, produced by renal CYP27B1-mediated 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, that binds the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis and many noncalcemic gene programs.

Most abundant mineral in the body (99% in bone and teeth), essential for skeletal mineralization, neuromuscular function, blood clotting (factor IV), and intracellular signaling.

Calcium Carbonate is a acidulant — Alkali to reduce acidity in wine (up to 2.5%), neutralizer for ice cream, firming additive

Calcium Chloride is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Calcium Disodium Edta is a preservative — Preservative and sequestrant to prevent crystal formation and retard color loss

Calcium Hypochlorite is a bleaching agent — Oxidizing and bleaching additive; algae killer, bactericide, deodorant, disinfectant, fungicide

Calcium Propionate is a preservative — Mold and rope inhibitor in breads, rolls, poultry stuffing; processed cheese

Calcium Sulfate is a other — Firming additive, yeast food, dough conditioner, jelling ingredient, carrier for bleaching

G protein-coupled receptor on parathyroid chief cells and renal tubule cells that detects extracellular ionized calcium and adjusts PTH secretion and renal calcium handling to maintain plasma calcium.

Reduction in energy intake (typically 15-40%) without malnutrition, shown across model organisms to extend lifespan and healthspan, with active human research (CALERIE) demonstrating cardiometabolic and possibly aging biomarker benefit.

calorie

Hospital-based observed record of all foods and fluids consumed, used to estimate inpatient energy and protein intake.

Calcium-dependent protease involved in protein turnover.

Camphor Oil is a flavoring — Spice flavoring; embalming fluid; lacquers; moth repellent; topical liniments

Multifactorial syndrome of involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, and inflammation specific to cancer, even with adequate intake.

Canola Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Canthaxanthin is a colorant — Coloring

Capsaicin is a flavoring — Natural spice and ginger ale flavoring (from capsicum/red pepper)

Capsicum Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Captan is a pesticide residue — Fungicide on almonds, animal feed, apples, fruits and vegetables; seed treatment

Caramel is a colorant — Most widely used food coloring; burnt sugar with bitter taste

Caraway Seed And Oil is a flavoring — Spice and liquor flavoring; flavoring for cheese, sausage, kümmel, rye

Carbadox is a veterinary drug — Antibacterial used in animal feed for swine to treat dysentery

Carbaryl is a pesticide residue — Pesticide on corn, vegetables, fruits, pineapples

carbohydrate

MNT strategy for diabetes that matches insulin dose or oral medication to grams of carbohydrate consumed per meal.

Carbon Black is a colorant — Black coloring in confectionery (historically)

Carbon Dioxide is a gas packaging — Pressure-dispensing additive in gassed creams; carbonation of beverages; dry ice refrigeration

Carbon Disulfide is a solvent processing aid — Fumigant for cereal grains

Carbon_Dioxide_Carbonation is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Carbonyl Iron is a colorant — Coloring; iron processed with carbon and oxygen

Carbophenothion is a pesticide residue — Pesticide used on citrus meal fed to cattle

Carboxine is a pesticide residue — Fungicide used on barley, beans, corn, oats, peanut hulls, rice, sorghum, wheat for animal feeds

Addition of a carboxyl group to a molecule.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose is a stabilizer — Stabilizer for cheeses, frozen desserts, dressings, foods and flavorings

Carboxymethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose is a emulsifier — Binder and emulsifier

Carboxymethylcellulose is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cardamom Oil is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from dried ripe seeds; aromatic additive

Group of interrelated diseases including atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and heart failure.

Carmine is a colorant — Crimson pigment derived from scale insects; coloring for red applesauce, confections, baked goods, meats, spices

Carminic Acid is a colorant — Red coloring matter from a scaly insect

Carnauba Wax is a other — Candy glaze and polish; from leaves of Brazilian wax palm

Quaternary amine synthesized from lysine and methionine that, as part of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase shuttle, transports long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for β-oxidation.

Carob Bean is a emulsifier — Emulsifier; ancient Egyptian sweetener; low-fat, low-sodium, high-fiber source from carob pods

Carob Bean Gum is a thickener gum — Essential oil and emulsifier; thickening agent

Family of >700 lipid-soluble plant pigments (yellow, orange, red), about 50 of which have provitamin A activity, including β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

Carrageenan is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and emulsifier from Irish moss; used in chocolate products, milk, evaporated milk, ice cream, sherbets, dressings, jams

Carrot Fiber is a thickener gum — Texturizer in baked goods; binder/extender in meat and poultry products

Carrot Oil is a flavoring — Essential oil flavoring and coloring; rich in vitamin A

Carvacrol is a flavoring — Synthetic citrus, fruit, mint, spice flavoring; disinfectant

Carvone is a flavoring — Synthetic liquor, mint, spice flavoring; stimulant

Cascara, Bitterless Extract is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from dried bark; laxative

Cascarilla Bark is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from bark; emulsifier

Casein is a stabilizer — Principal protein of cow's milk; texturizer

Family of cysteine proteases involved in the degradative events during apoptosis.

Cassava Flour is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cassia Absolute is a flavoring — Natural flavoring extract from cultivated trees

Cassia Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring; obtained from tropical Asian tree

Castor Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring; antisticking additive; component of protective coatings, drying oil, releasing agents

Castoreum Extract is a flavoring — Fixative from dried perineal glands of beaver

Process by which organic molecules are broken down.

Catalase is a enzyme — Enzyme from bovine liver used in milk, cheese making, elimination of peroxide

Catechu Extract is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from heartwood of Acacia catechu; astringent

Group of enzymes involved in breaking down or digesting body proteins.

Caustic Sulfite Caramel is a colorant — Caramel coloring manufactured by heating sugars with a sulfite plant

Cedar is a flavoring — Flavoring oil from cedar leaves and branches

Ceftiofur is a veterinary drug — Cephalosporin antibiotic used in beef

Celery Seed is a flavoring — Flavoring from dried ripe fruit of celery plant

Chronic immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine triggered by dietary gluten (wheat, rye, barley) in genetically susceptible (HLA-DQ2/DQ8) individuals, characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia.

Cellulase Enzyme is a enzyme — Enzyme for removal of visceral mass in clam processing and casings from shrimp

Cellulose is a thickener gum — Chief constituent of plant fiber; basic material for cellulose gums

Cellulose Acetate is a other — Used in packaging; adhesives, films, synthetic fiber

Cellulose Gums is a thickener gum — Synthetic gum used as stabilizing additive in ice cream, beverages, other foods

Simplest sphingolipid containing no attached group at the terminal hydroxyl.

Sphingolipids containing a single galactose or glucose unit at the terminal hydroxyl.

Copper-containing α2-globulin synthesized in the liver that carries ~90% of plasma copper and functions as a ferroxidase, oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ for transferrin binding.

Cetyl Alcohol is a emulsifier — Emollient and emulsion stabilizer

Cetylpyridinium Chloride is a preservative — Antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound used in commercial raw poultry processing

Chaconine is a other — Alkaloid in plants of Solanaceae family (potatoes, tomatoes)

Chamomile is a flavoring — Flavoring from daisylike flowers; coloring known as apigenin

Soluble intracellular proteins that bind and deliver minerals or vitamins to specific intracellular locations.

Charcoal is a colorant — Formerly used as a black coloring

Cheese_As_Ingredient is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cheese_Food_Product is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Chelating Additive is a other — Compound that binds and precipitates metals

Small organic compounds that form a complex with another compound, such as a mineral.

Theory that most ATP synthesis occurs as protons move down an electrochemical gradient, with the energy used to phosphorylate ADP.

Cherry Laurel Leaves is a flavoring — Flavoring

Cherry Pit Oil is a flavoring — Natural flavoring extracted from pits of sweet and sour cherries

Chervil is a flavoring — Natural flavoring; chewing-gum base

Chicle is a other — Gummy resin from trees; chewing gum base

Chicory Extract is a flavoring — Natural flavor extract; blending with coffee

Chili is a flavoring — Dried pod of capsicum/red pepper

Carbon atom with four different atoms or groups covalently attached.

Chirata Herb Extract is a flavoring — Flavoring used in alcoholic beverages only

Chives is a flavoring — Flavoring from member of amaryllis family related to onion

Chloramphenicol is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic no longer permitted in food-producing animals

Chlordane is a pesticide residue — Organochlorine pesticide introduced in 1945

Chlorine is a preservative — Used in water disinfection, manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, sanitizing fresh produce

Chlorine Dioxide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching of flour and disinfection of municipal drinking water; antimicrobial in poultry processing

Chloroacetic Acid is a preservative — Used in packaging adhesives and as a preservative

Chlorofluorocarbons is a gas packaging — Cooling/freezing chickens (limited remaining use)

Chloroform is a solvent processing aid — Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins; cleansing ingredient

Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide residue — Insecticide and acaricide on corn and other vegetables

Chlortetracycline is a veterinary drug — Preservative; antibiotic used in dip and feed to improve feed efficiency

Cholecalciferol is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement and nutrient

cholesterol (dietary)

Quaternary amine and essential nutrient required for phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin synthesis, acetylcholine neurotransmission, and as a methyl donor (via betaine) in one-carbon metabolism.

Choline Bitartrate is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement; B complex

Choline Chloride is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement

Chromium is a nutrient mineral — Trace mineral involved in breakdown of sugar and manufacture of fats

A DRI category introduced for nutrients where intake reduction is causally linked to lower chronic disease risk independent of effects on classical deficiency, first applied to sodium with a 2,300 mg/day adult value.

Sustained decline in kidney function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or markers of damage for >3 months), staged 1-5 by eGFR, with nutritional management central to slowing progression and managing comorbidities.

Largest, lowest-density lipoprotein particles, synthesized by intestinal enterocytes to transport dietary triglycerides and fat-soluble vitamins from gut to peripheral tissues and liver.

Portion of a chylomicron left after blood lipoprotein lipase removes part of its triglycerides.

Partially digested food.

Chymosin is a enzyme — Enzyme from calf stomach; stabilizer and thickener

Cinchona Extract is a flavoring — Bark extract from cinchona; source of quinine

Cinnamaldehyde is a flavoring — Synthetic cinnamon flavoring

Cinnamic Acid is a flavoring — Cherry, honey, spice, cassia, cinnamon flavoring

Cinnamic Alcohol is a flavoring — Fragrance ingredient; common allergen

Cinnamon is a flavoring — Spice flavoring from dried bark

Cinnamon Bark is a flavoring — Extract and oil from cinnamon tree bark

Cinnamon Leaf Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil from leaves/twigs of cinnamon tree

Cinnamyl Acetate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with sweet floral odor

Cinnamyl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with balsamic odor

Cinnamyl Anthranilate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring additive banned by FDA

End-stage liver disease characterized by fibrosis and nodular regeneration that distort liver architecture.

Citral is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring; used in synthesis of vitamin A

Citric Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant; widely used in cosmetics, flavorings, juices, wines, jams, candies

Citronella Oil is a flavoring — Natural food flavoring extract from grass

Non-protein amino acid produced by enterocytes from glutamine and proline, exported to kidney, and converted to arginine, providing the most reliable route to elevate systemic arginine.

Citrus Red No. 2 is a colorant — Coloring for orange skins only (Florida oranges)

Civet, Absolute is a flavoring — Essential oil from civet cat glands; fixative in perfumery

Clary is a flavoring — Spice flavoring; fixative for perfumes

Clove Bud Extract is a flavoring — Reddish brown dried flower buds; dental analgesic and germicide

Clove Bud Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil from clove flower buds; antiseptic and flavoring

Cloves is a flavoring — Evergreen tree buds used as spice

Cloxacillin is a veterinary drug — Penicillin antibiotic used in cattle

Coal Tar is a other — Used in adhesives, food preservation, synthetic flavors and dyes

Cobalt-containing corrinoid vitamin (B12) that, as methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin, serves as cofactor for methionine synthase (cytoplasm) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (mitochondria).

Cobalt Salts is a other — Formerly added to beer for head maintenance

Coca Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Coca Leaf Extract (Decocainized) is a flavoring — Flavoring from dried leaves of cocaine-containing plants

Cochineal is a colorant — Deep crimson dye from female cochineal insects

Cocoa is a flavoring — Powder from roasted kernels of Theobroma cacao

Cocoa Mass is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Coconut Oil is a other — White semisolid saturated fat from coconut meat

Three-base sequence in DNA or mRNA that specifies a single amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

Coffee is a flavoring — Dry unroasted seeds; essential oil flavoring

Structured, time-limited psychotherapy that targets the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Group of individuals that share common characteristics.

Reference criteria (e.g., DRIs, ideal body weight, BMI cutoffs) against which assessment data are compared to identify nutrition problems.

Pairing of nucleotide bases in two strands of nucleic acids; A with T or U, G with C.

complementary feeding

Protein containing all essential (indispensable) amino acids in approximate amounts needed by humans.

Subcutaneous interstitial glucose sensors that provide near-continuous (every 1-5 min) glucose readings, used clinically in diabetes management and increasingly in research and consumer wellness.

Copper is a nutrient mineral — Essential trace element; constituent of enzymes

Copper Gluconate is a nutrient mineral — Essential nutrient; feed additive, dietary supplement, mouth deodorant

Copper Salts is a nutrient mineral — Nutrient supplements in animal feed

Pathway in which muscle/RBC lactate travels to liver, is converted to glucose, and returns to peripheral tissues.

Coriander Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil from dried ripe coriander fruit

Corn is a other — Used in maple, nut, root beer flavorings; many food products

Corn Endosperm Oil is a colorant — Coloring in chicken feed to enhance yellow color of chicken skin and eggs

Corn Gluten is a other — Nutrient supplement

Corn Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Corn Syrup is a natural sweetener — Sweetener used in maple, nut, root beer flavorings and many products

Corn_Starch is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cornstarch is a thickener gum — Anti-sticking agent for containers; demulcent

Cottonseed Flour is a colorant — Cooked, partly defatted, toasted flour for pale yellow coloring

Cottonseed Oil is a other — Fixed oil from cottonseed plant

Coumaphos is a pesticide residue — Insecticide and antiworm agent in cattle and chicken feed

Coumarin is a flavoring — Fragrant ingredient of tonka beans, sweet woodruff, cramp bark

Infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, with manifestations from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and multi-system disease.

Coz Corn Oil (Distillers Corn Oil) is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cranberry Juice Concentrate is a colorant — Bright red natural coloring from cranberry juice

Cream Of Tartar is a thickener gum — Thickening additive; crystalline salt from wine making or tartaric acid

Cream_Cheese is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

cross-contamination

Longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments, usually in random order.

Crufomate is a pesticide residue — Antiworm insecticide from petroleum used on cattle, goats, sheep

Cryolite Sodium Aluminum Fluoride is a pesticide residue — Fluorine compound mineral used as insecticide

Crystal_Light_Artificial_Sweeteners is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Crystalline Fructose is a natural sweetener — Sweetener used in baked goods, frozen foods, beverages, tabletop sweeteners

Cubebs is a flavoring — Spice flavoring from unripe fruit of perennial vine

Ability of providers to deliver care that meets the cultural, linguistic, and social needs of diverse patients.

Cumin is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from seeds of Old World plant

Curcumin is a colorant — Orange-yellow colorant from turmeric

Cyanamide is a preservative — Fumigant for uncooked bacon, cereal flours, cocoa, uncooked ham/sausage

Cyanide is a other — Fungistat, insecticide, rodenticide

Cyclamate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cyclamates is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener about 30x sweeter than sugar

Cyclodextrins is a other — Enzymatically modified starches used as carriers for food additives

Cyclohexane is a solvent processing aid — Solvent used to dilute colors in food

Cysteine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid; dough strengthener

Heme-containing proteins that serve as electron carriers.

Small signaling proteins (e.g., interleukins, TNF, interferons) that regulate immune and inflammatory responses.

Microtubules and microfilaments that provide internal reinforcement and communication within a cell.

Continuous aqueous solution of the cell and the organelles contained in it.

Daily Value (DV)

dairy group

Daminozide is a pesticide residue — Apple growth regulator

Dandelion is a flavoring — Essential oil flavoring; salad green

Dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, lean protein, nuts, and seeds, proven to lower blood pressure.

DASH eating plan

Dde is a pesticide residue — Degradation product of DDT

Ddt is a pesticide residue — Synthetic pesticide

Removal of an amino (NH2) group from an amino acid.

Defatted_Beef_Trimmings is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Dehydroacetic Acid is a preservative — Preservative in cut or peeled squash; antienzyme in toothpaste

Enzymes that catalyze reactions in which hydrogens and electrons are removed from a reactant.

Delaney Amendment is a other — 1958 law prohibiting any cancer-causing additive in food

Deltamethrin is a pesticide residue — Pesticide containing cyanide used for tomato products

Denatonium is a other — Aversive agent to prevent accidental ingestion

Oral infectious disease in which organic acids from bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrate demineralize tooth enamel and dentin.

Process of converting a saturated compound to an unsaturated one.

Designer_Sodium is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Hypothesis that maternal and early-life nutritional and environmental exposures shape lifelong risk of chronic disease.

Dextran is a stabilizer — Foam stabilizer for beer; substitute for barley malt

Dextrin is a stabilizer — Foam stabilizer for beer; diluting agent

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (22:6n-3) concentrated in brain phospholipids and retinal photoreceptors, essential for neurodevelopment and visual function.

diabetes

Life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.

Diacetyl is a flavoring — Butter aroma carrier; flavoring

Dichloromethane is a solvent processing aid — Paint remover, solvent, cleaning agent, strawberry/grain fumigant

Dichlorvos is a pesticide residue — Organophosphate insecticide

Dieldrin is a pesticide residue — Pesticide

Non-digestible carbohydrate polymers and lignin intrinsic to plants, plus added isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates with demonstrated physiological benefit (FDA 2016 definition).

Unit expressing folate intake adjusted for the higher bioavailability of synthetic folic acid relative to food folate: 1 μg DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg folic acid taken with food = 0.5 μg folic acid taken on an empty stomach.

Federal, evidence-based dietary recommendations issued jointly by USDA and HHS every five years.

Umbrella term for the suite of nutrient reference values (EAR, RDA, AI, UL, CDRR) developed jointly by the United States and Canada to plan and assess diets of healthy populations and individuals.

Product intended to supplement the diet that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, or other dietary substances.

1994 U.S. law that defined dietary supplements and established the regulatory framework treating them more like foods than drugs.

Diethanolamine is a solvent processing aid — Solvent, emulsifying additive, detergent

Diethyl Pyrocarbonate is a preservative — Fermentation inhibitor

Diethylstilbesterol is a veterinary drug — Synthetic estrogen fed to cattle and sheep to fatten them

Dimethyl Dicarbonate is a preservative — Fungicide used in wine to inhibit yeast growth

Dimethyl Polysiloxane is a other — Antifoaming additive for processing foods

Dimethylpolysiloxane is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Dioxin is a other — By-product of additive orange (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T)

Diphosphates is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Method of measuring the dissipation of heat from the body.

Sugars formed by combining two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond.

Disodium Edta is a preservative — Food preservative and sequestering additive

Disodium Guanylate is a flavor enhancer — Flavor intensifier more effective than sodium inosinate and glutamate

Disodium Inosinate is a flavor enhancer — Flavor potentiator (ineffective without MSG)

disordered eating

Diuron is a pesticide residue — Preemergent herbicide and sugarcane flowering suppressant

Proton-coupled apical brush border transporter that imports ferrous iron and other divalent metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd) into enterocytes and erythroid precursors.

division of feeding responsibility

Experiment in which neither the administrator nor the subject knows the treatment assignment.

Stable-isotope reference method for measuring total energy expenditure in free-living conditions, exploiting differential disappearance of orally administered 2H218O.

Dragees is a other — Metallic silver or gold balls used as cake decorations

Dried Algae Meal is a colorant — Color additive in feed of salmonid fish to enhance flesh color

Effect of a medication on nutrient absorption, metabolism, or status, or vice versa.

DSHEA

Imaging method using two X-ray energies to differentiate bone mineral, lean soft tissue, and fat mass, providing the reference clinical measurement for bone mineral density and a widely used three-compartment body composition tool.

Dulcamara Extract is a preservative — Preservative from nightshade family

Dulcin is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener

Symptoms caused by rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine, common after gastric surgery.

Alteration in gut microbiota composition, function, or diversity associated with a disease state or perturbation, with no single agreed-upon definition.

Difficulty swallowing, which can compromise nutrition, hydration, and airway safety.

2019 commission proposing a "planetary health diet" intended to feed 10 billion people in 2050 within planetary boundaries, emphasizing plant foods (vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts) with limited animal protein.

eating disorder

Biologically active substances derived from linoleic and α-linolenic (n-6 and n-3) essential fatty acids.

Elder Flowers is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from white flowers of shrub

electrolyte

Sequential transfer of electrons from reduced coenzymes to oxygen, coupled with ATP formation, occurring within mitochondria.

Digital, longitudinal record of patient health information used across encounters and care settings.

Web-based, subscription version of the NCPT containing ~1,700 standardized nutrition care terms.

Electrostatic_Salt_Coating is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Extension of a polypeptide during protein synthesis, or addition of two-carbon units to a fatty acid chain.

empty calories

Encapsulated_Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

All of the body's hormone-secreting glands.

Uptake of a substance into a cell via vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds within the interior of a peptide or protein.

Network of membranous channels in the cytosol providing continuity among the nuclear envelope, Golgi, and plasma membrane.

Endosulfan is a pesticide residue — Insecticide on fruits, vegetables, growing tea

Reaction in which the products have more free energy than the reactants; requires energy input.

energy balance

Peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain and gastrointestinal tract.

enriched

Delivery of nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract via a tube or stoma when oral intake is inadequate.

Intestinal cell.

Movement of a substance, such as bile, from the liver to intestine and back.

Protein catalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions.

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (20:5n-3) from marine sources that is the precursor of series-3 prostaglandins, series-5 leukotrienes, and E-series resolvins.

Ephedra is a other — Herb containing ephedrine alkaloids

Epichlorohydrin is a solvent processing aid — Modifier for food starches

Science of factors influencing the frequency and distribution of disease in a defined population.

Heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alteration of the underlying DNA sequence, principally through DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs.

Ergocalciferol is a nutrient vitamin — Vitamin D2

Erythorbic Acid is a antioxidant — Antioxidant with 1/20th vitamin capacity of ascorbic acid

Erythritol is a natural sweetener — Sugar alcohol from fermentation of glucose

Erythromycin is a veterinary drug — Antibacterial; drug for beef, chicken eggs, pork, turkey

Erythrosine is a colorant — Sodium/potassium salt of tetraiodofluorescein; coal-tar derivative

Amino acid that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient quantity to meet metabolic demand and must be obtained from the diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.

The average daily intake of a nutrient estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a defined life-stage and sex group.

Estradiol is a veterinary drug — Natural estrogenic female hormone; growth promoter implanted in animals

Estragole is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit, licorice, anise, spice flavoring

Ethanol is a solvent processing aid — Solvent in candy, beverages, ice cream, candy glaze

Ethion is a pesticide residue — Insecticide to kill mites

Ethoxyquin is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in chili powder, paprika, ground chili

Ethyl Acrylate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring occurring naturally in pineapple and raspberries

Ethyl Carbamate is a other — Compound occurring in fermented foods/beverages

Ethyl Formate is a preservative — Yeast/mold inhibitor; fumigant for raisins, currants; fungicide

Ethyl Methylphenylglycidate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with strong strawberry odor

Ethyl Vanillin is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring stronger than vanilla

Ethylene Dibromide is a solvent processing aid — Fumigant; lead scavenger in gasoline

Ethylene Dichloride is a solvent processing aid — Halogenated hydrocarbon fumigant and solvent

Ethylene Glycol is a humectant — Antifreeze and humectant; solvent

Ethylene Oxide is a preservative — Fumigant on ground spices and processed natural seasonings

Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid is a preservative — Sequestrant in carbonated beverages; promotes color retention

Eucalyptol is a flavoring — Chief constituent of eucalyptus oil; mint flavoring

Eugenol is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit, nut, spice flavoring; defoamer in yeast production

Cells with a defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Evaporated Cane Juice is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Use of formula as the sole nutrition source (typically 6-8 weeks) for induction of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease, with efficacy comparable to corticosteroids without growth suppression.

Process by which compounds are released from cells.

Segments of a gene that code for a sequence of nucleotides in a specific mRNA.

Enzyme that hydrolyzes amino acids off the terminal end of a peptide or protein.

Reaction in which reactants have more free energy than products; releases energy as heat.

Gene cluster (FADS1/FADS2/FADS3) encoding delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases that catalyze rate-limiting steps in long-chain PUFA biosynthesis from α-linolenic and linoleic acids.

Inadequate physical growth in infants and young children, defined by weight or weight-for-length below set percentile thresholds.

FALCPA

Autosomal dominant disorder causing markedly elevated LDL cholesterol from birth and premature cardiovascular disease.

fat (dietary)

Fat Replacers is a other — Additives reducing fat and calorie levels while maintaining qualities of fat

Fatty Acids is a emulsifier — Emulsifiers, binders, lubricants, defoamer components

Fd And C Blue No. 1 is a colorant — Bright blue coal-tar coloring

Fd And C Blue No. 2 is a colorant — Royal blue coal-tar coloring

Fd And C Green No. 1 is a colorant — Dull dark green coloring

Fd And C Green No. 2 is a colorant — Coloring for bottled soft drinks

Fd And C Green No. 3 is a colorant — Sea green coloring; permanently listed 1982

Fd And C Red No. 2 is a colorant — Formerly widely used cosmetic and food coloring

Fd And C Red No. 3 is a colorant — Cherry red coal-tar xanthene coloring

Fd And C Red No. 4 is a colorant — Monoazo coal-tar coloring

Fd And C Red No. 40 is a colorant — Coal-tar coloring substituted for Red No. 4

Fd And C Violet No. 1 is a colorant — Coloring for gelatin desserts, candy, USDA meat stamp

Fd And C Yellow No. 5 is a colorant — Lemon yellow coal-tar pyrazole coloring

Fd And C Yellow No. 6 is a colorant — Coal-tar monoazo coloring

Interrelated spectrum of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in female athletes.

Fenbendazole is a veterinary drug — Antiworm drug in animal feed, beef, pork

Fennel is a flavoring — Sausage and spice flavoring

Fermasure Xl is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

To break down substrates anaerobically to yield reduced products and energy.

Anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates and protein by bacteria.

24-subunit iron storage protein that sequesters up to 4,500 iron atoms in a hollow ferrihydrite core; serum ferritin reflects body iron stores and is also an acute-phase reactant.

The sole known cellular iron exporter, present on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages, whose surface expression is controlled by hepcidin binding.

Ferrous Gluconate is a nutrient mineral — Iron salt nutrient; food coloring for ripe olives

Ferrous Lactate is a nutrient mineral — Food additive and dietary supplement

Ferrous Sulfate is a nutrient mineral — Source of iron used medicinally

Hepatokine induced by protein restriction, fasting, and amino acid imbalance that signals nutrient stress to the brain (increasing food and protein appetite) and adipose tissue (increasing energy expenditure and insulin sensitization).

Bone-derived phosphaturic hormone secreted by osteocytes that lowers serum phosphate by inhibiting renal NaPi-IIa/c reabsorption and suppressing renal CYP27B1, thereby reducing calcitriol synthesis.

Ficin is a enzyme — Meat tenderizer from tropical tree latex

Fifty_Fifty_Beef_Trim is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Filled Milk is a other — Combination of skim milk and vegetable oil to replace milk fat

Fish Oil is a other — Direct food ingredient rich in Omega-3 fatty acids

Flavonoids is a other — Large group of compounds widely distributed in plants

Flavophospholipol is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic used as antimicrobial growth promoter in animal feed

Flavor_Plus_Fast_Food_Mimic is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Flavourings is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

flexitarian

Flour, Bleached is a bleaching agent — Flour bleached with potassium bromate and chlorine dioxide gas

Fluoride is a nutrient mineral — Acid salt added to toothpaste and drinking water to prevent decay

Fluorine Compounds is a nutrient mineral — Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons used in water fluoridation

folate / folic acid

Folic Acid is a nutrient vitamin — Member of vitamin B complex

food additive

Adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly on exposure to a given food.

Neighborhood or rural area with limited access to affordable, nutritious food, typically lacking a full-service grocery store.

food fad

food fortification (mandatory vs voluntary)

Self-administered dietary assessment instrument listing 100-200 foods with frequency categories and (typically) portion-size estimates, used to characterize habitual intake over months to a year.

food group

Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, or inability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways.

Non-immune-mediated adverse reaction to a food component, such as lactose intolerance or histamine intolerance.

Self-reported written log of all foods and beverages consumed, typically over three to seven days.

food waste

food-drug interaction

Disease resulting from consumption of food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, or their toxins.

Formaldehyde is a preservative — Preservative, disinfectant, germicide, fungicide, defoamer in animal feed and defoaming additives

Formesafen Sodium is a pesticide residue — Pesticide used on soybeans

Formic Acid is a preservative — Preservative for silage; used as decalcifier and for dehairing hides

fortified

fortified soy beverage

four steps to food safety

Age-related syndrome of physiologic decline characterized by decreased reserve, vulnerability to stressors, and high risk of disability, hospitalization, and mortality, operationalized by Fried's phenotype (≥3 of: weakness, slow walking, exhaustion, low activity, unintended weight loss).

Potential energy inherent in the chemical bonds of nutrients.

Atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons.

free range

Fructooligosaccharides is a other — Naturally occurring sugars used as prebiotic, promotes growth of beneficial bacteria

Fructose is a natural sweetener — Natural sugar; sweetener, preservative, used in ice cream

Fruit Juice Concentrate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Gene encoding an RNA N6-methyladenosine demethylase whose intronic variants (notably rs9939609) are the strongest common genetic risk loci for adiposity discovered to date.

Fuller'S Earth is a anti caking — Adsorbent and to decolorize fats and oils

Fumaric Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant, leavening additive, dry acid for dessert powders, flavoring

Fumigants is a pesticide residue — Chemicals and gases used to kill pests on crops

Nondigestible carbohydrates isolated, extracted, or manufactured that show beneficial physiological effects in humans.

Food that provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition, either inherently or through fortification.

Fungaflor is a pesticide residue — Fungicide used in animal feed

Furadan is a pesticide residue — Insecticide in animal feed

Furans is a flavoring — Some furans used as flavorings; toxic by-product of manufacturing/burning

Furcelleran is a thickener gum — Emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener; extracted from red seaweed

Furfural is a flavoring — Solvent, insecticide, fungicide, synthetic flavoring in butter, butterscotch, caramel, coffee, rum

Furfuryl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring in butter, butterscotch, caramel, coffee, fruit, brandy

Furfuryl Mercaptan is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit, liquor, rum, nut, chocolate, and spice flavoring

Fusel Oil is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring; product of carbohydrate fermentation

Galactooligosaccharide is a other — Ingredient in candy bars, yogurt, frozen desserts, infant formula at levels 1-7g per serving

Galangal Root is a flavoring — Bitters, vermouth, spice, and ginger ale flavoring

Galbanum Oil is a flavoring — Fruit, nut, and spice flavoring for beverages, ice cream, candy

Gallates is a antioxidant — Antioxidants derived from gallic acid

Gambir Gum is a flavoring — Flavoring

Gamma-Tocopherol is a antioxidant — Vitamin E form; antioxidant

Sphingolipids containing an oligosaccharide with sialic acid at the terminal hydroxyl.

Channels between cells.

Garlic Extract is a flavoring — Fruit and garlic flavoring

Garlic Oil is a flavoring — Fruit and garlic flavoring for beverages, ice cream, candy

Gas is a gas packaging — Removing or displacing oxygen in processing/storage/packaging

Chronic symptomatic or complicated reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction.

Gelatin_And_Phosphate_Pudding_Set is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Gelatins is a thickener gum — Food thickener and stabilizer; base for fruit gelatins, puddings, sausage casings

Gellan Gum is a thickener gum — Stabilizer and thickener

Nutrition care that supports the medical, psychological, and social dimensions of transition for transgender and gender-diverse clients.

Section of chromosomal DNA that codes for a single protein.

FDA designation for food substances considered safe by qualified experts under intended conditions of use, exempting them from formal additive approval.

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using biotechnology methods not occurring naturally.

Sum of all the chromosomal genes of a cell.

Gentamycin Sulfate is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic used to treat pork and turkey

Gentian Violet is a preservative — Fungicide

Geraniol is a flavoring — Berry, lemon, rose, apple, cherry, peach, honey, root beer flavoring

Geranium Rose Oil is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring in strawberry, lemon, cola, geranium, rose, violet flavorings

gestational diabetes

Carbohydrate intolerance first identified during pregnancy, typically detected at 24 to 28 weeks.

Ghatti Gum is a thickener gum — Emulsifier in butter, butterscotch, fat flavorings

Ghee is a other — Indian clarified butter without solids or water

Gastric fundus-derived peptide hormone (the only known peripheral orexigen) that rises premeally and falls postmeally, stimulating hunger via hypothalamic NPY/AgRP neurons.

Gibberellic Acid is a other — Plant growth-promoting hormone for malt beverages and distilled spirits

Ginger is a flavoring — Spice and flavoring in beverages, ice cream, ices, baked goods

Ginger Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring for beverages, ice cream, candy

Ginkgo Biloba is a other — Herbal extract; sometimes used as flavoring/supplement

Ginseng is a flavoring — Flavoring; widely used as Asian medicine

International consensus framework for diagnosing malnutrition using one phenotypic plus one etiologic criterion.

Pancreatic hormone secreted in response to decreasing blood glucose; promotes hepatic glucose release.

Incretin hormone secreted by intestinal L cells in response to nutrients (especially carbohydrates, fats, and SCFAs from microbial fermentation) that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying, and increases satiety via central nervous system action.

Glucitol is a natural sweetener — Anticaking, humectant, nutritive sweetener, stabilizer, thickener

Glucomannan is a thickener gum — Powder extracted from konjac plant; absorbs liquid in stomach

Gluconate is a acidulant — Sequestrants derived from glucose; buffer for confections, firming additive

Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, propionate) primarily in liver and kidney during fasting.

Gluconic Acid is a acidulant — Dietary supplement and sequestrant

Glucono-Delta-Lactone is a acidulant — Leavening, acidifier, binder, curing, pH control, pickling, sequestrant

Glucosamine is a amino acid — Amino derivative of glucose; therapeutic use against cartilage degeneration

Glucose is a natural sweetener — Sweeter than sucrose; used to flavor sausage, hamburger, meat loaf, processed ham

Glucose Pentaacetate is a natural sweetener — Sugar substitute used for diabetics

Glucose Syrup is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Chromium-containing compound that may potentiate insulin action.

Glutamate is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer, taste enhancer for natural food flavors

Glutamic Acid is a amino acid — Salt substitute; enhances food flavors and adds meat flavor

Most abundant free amino acid in plasma and skeletal muscle, conditionally essential in critical illness, that serves as nitrogen carrier, gluconeogenic precursor, and primary fuel for enterocytes and rapidly dividing immune cells.

Glutaraldehyde is a flavor enhancer — Food flavor enhancer; fixing additive

Family of selenocysteine-containing antioxidant enzymes that reduce hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides using reduced glutathione as electron donor, generating water and glutathione disulfide.

Gluten Gum is a thickener gum — Mixture of wheat proteins; contributes to porous, spongy quality

gluten-free labeling

Non-enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, with progression through Amadori products to advanced glycation end products (AGEs), accelerated in hyperglycemia.

Ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods by their effect on postprandial blood glucose relative to a reference (glucose or white bread = 100), measured as the incremental area under the 2-hour glucose curve.

Product of a food's glycemic index and the grams of available carbohydrate per serving, divided by 100, expressing the glycemic impact of typical portions.

Glycerides is a emulsifier — Emulsifying and defoaming additives for bakery, beverages, ice cream

Glycerin is a humectant — Humectant in tobacco, marshmallows, jellies; solvent for colors/flavors; plasticizer

Glycerol Esters Of Wood Rosin is a stabilizer — Chewing-gum base and beverage stabilizer

Glycerol Stearate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Glyceryl Monostearate is a emulsifier — Emulsifying and dispersing additive in oleomargarine, shortenings, cookies

Glycine is a amino acid — Dietary supplement, gastric antacid; masks saccharin aftertaste

Layer of glycoprotein and polysaccharide surrounding many cells.

Pathway by which glucose is converted to glycogen.

Pathway by which glycogen is enzymatically broken down to glucose.

Glycolic Acid is a acidulant — Controls acid-alkali balance; copper brightening, decontamination, dyeing

Pathway by which glucose is converted to pyruvate.

Glycophen is a pesticide residue — Fungicide used in animal feed and various crops

Proteins covalently bound to a carbohydrate.

Unbranched polysaccharide of alternating units of two different sugars.

Digestive enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides to constituent monosaccharides.

Hemoglobin that has glucose attached non-enzymatically; reflects average blood glucose over the prior 2 to 3 months.

Glycyrrhizin, Ammoniated is a natural sweetener — Sugar substitute (100x sweeter than sugar); licorice/anise flavoring

Glyphosate is a pesticide residue — Broad spectrum, postemergent herbicide used in animal feed

Gold is a colorant — External decoration on chocolate confectionery, dragees, sugar-coated flour confectionery

Organelle that modifies and packages macromolecules synthesized in the ER for transport.

Gonadorelin is a veterinary drug — Hormone injection for cattle to increase growth

Grains Of Paradise is a flavoring — Fruit, ginger, ginger ale, and pepper flavoring

Grape Color Extract is a colorant — Coloring from grape residue for still/carbonated drinks

Grapefruit Oil is a flavoring — Lemon, lime, orange, peach flavoring

grass fed

Green Tea Extract is a antioxidant — Antioxidant; may help prevent illness, boost antibiotics

Growth Hormone is a veterinary drug — Hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction

Guaiac Gum is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in edible fats/oils, beverages, rendered animal fat

Guanylic Acid Sodium Salt is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer in canned foods, poultry, sauces, snacks, soups

Guar Gum is a thickener gum — Stabilizer, thickener, binder; 5-8x thickening power of starch

Guarana is a flavoring — Caffeine source from Brazilian plant

Guava is a flavoring — Jelly flavoring; folk medicine

Gum Arabic is a thickener gum — Emulsifier, stabilizer, gelling additive

Gum Karaya is a thickener gum — Stabilizer in cheese, dressings, ice cream, jelly, jam

Gum Tragacanth is a thickener gum — Thickener and stabilizer in fruit jelly, icings, sherbets, salad dressing

Trillions of microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to digestion, immunity, and metabolism.

Bidirectional communication network linking the central nervous system with the enteric nervous system and gut microbiota.

Guthion is a pesticide residue — Organophosphorous pesticide used on apples, pears, cherries, peaches, almonds, cotton

Excess body fat that accumulates around hips and thighs.

Haematococcus Algae Meal is a colorant — Color additive in salmon feed to color flesh pink/orange-red

Halofuginone Hydrobromide is a veterinary drug — Anti-coccidial in broiler chicken and turkey feed

Haloxon is a veterinary drug — Antiworm medicine for animals

Hereditary disorder in which tryptophan absorption and excretion are abnormal.

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland and the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-replete countries.

Haw Bark is a flavoring — Bitter, caramel, cola, maple, walnut flavoring

Hawthorn Berry is a flavoring — Used in herbal medicine for cardiovascular benefits

Systematic preventive approach to food safety that identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards from raw material through consumption.

Glycated form of hemoglobin reflecting average plasma glucose over the preceding 2-3 months (the RBC lifespan); used for diabetes diagnosis (≥6.5%), monitoring, and risk assessment.

Hca is a other — Carcinogenic chemicals formed when cooking meat at high temperatures

Cholesterol content of high-density lipoproteins, historically considered "good cholesterol" because of inverse epidemiologic association with cardiovascular disease, now understood as functional rather than concentration-dependent.

Weight-inclusive paradigm that promotes intuitive eating, joyful movement, and health behaviors regardless of body size.

health claim

Differences in health outcomes between population groups that are systematic, avoidable, and unjust.

1996 U.S. law setting national standards for protection of identifiable health information.

Scoring system that measures how well a diet conforms to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

healthy eating pattern

Decennial U.S. federal initiative setting science-based national objectives for improving health.

Inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet tissue metabolic demand, classified by ejection fraction (HFrEF, HFpEF).

Heart-Check seal

Metabolic response to heat exposure producing heat rash, cramps, exhaustion, or stroke.

Iron bound within a porphyrin ring in hemoglobin and myoglobin from animal flesh, absorbed via the HCP1/HRG-1 pathway with bioavailability of approximately 15-35%, largely independent of other dietary factors.

Inherited disorder of excessive iron absorption and iron overload.

Renal replacement therapy that pumps blood through an external dialyzer to remove waste products, fluid, and electrolytes.

Reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome in advanced liver disease caused by accumulation of gut-derived neurotoxins, especially ammonia.

Liver-produced 25-amino-acid peptide hormone that regulates systemic iron homeostasis by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin and inducing its internalization and degradation.

Heptachlor is a pesticide residue — Insecticide; commercial use banned in US 1985

Complexes formed between two different receptors or molecules.

Hexachlorobenzene is a pesticide residue — Previously pesticide to protect against fungus; banned in US

Hexachlorobutadiene is a pesticide residue — Industrial solvent; food contaminant

Hexachlorocyclohexane is a pesticide residue — Pesticide used on fruit/vegetable crops

Hexachloroethane is a pesticide residue — Industrial; component of fungicides, insecticides

Hexachlorophene is a preservative — Antibacterial; FDA restricts use

Hexamethylenetetramine is a preservative — Urinary antibacterial; used in Provolone cheese production

Hexane is a solvent processing aid — Extraction solvent for vegetable oils

See Pentose phosphate pathway.

Hexylresorcinol is a preservative — Color stabilizer, enzyme browning inhibitor, processing aid

Hickory Smoke Concentrate is a flavoring — Food flavoring popular in US

High Fructose Corn Syrup is a natural sweetener — Corn syrup treated with enzymes; 1.5x sweeter than sugar

Histidine is a amino acid — Basic essential amino acid; nutrient

Retroviral infection that progressively destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections if untreated.

Tendency toward stability in the internal environment of the body.

Sulfur amino acid intermediate of methionine metabolism whose plasma elevation reflects impaired remethylation (folate, B12, riboflavin) or transsulfuration (B6) and is an independent risk marker for cardiovascular disease.

Complexes formed between two of the same receptors or molecules.

Honey is a natural sweetener — Sweet viscous material from bee nectar

Hops is a flavoring — Used in beer brewing and fruit/root beer flavorings

Chemical messengers synthesized by endocrine tissue and transported in blood to target tissues.

Horse Chestnut is a other — Tonic, tannic astringent for skin, fever-reducing

Horseradish Extract is a flavoring — Condiment ingredient from tall white-flowered herb

hunger and fullness scale

Anion of hydrogen with one proton and two electrons; participates in NAD+/NADH redox.

Hydrochloric Acid is a acidulant — Modifier for food starch, in MSG/gelatin manufacture, pH adjuster

Cation of hydrogen with a single proton and no electrons.

Hydrogen Peroxide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching, oxidizing additive; preservative and germ killer in milk and cheese

Hydrogenated Oil is a other — Oil partially converted from polyunsaturated to saturated fats

Enzymes that catalyze bond cleavage by addition of water.

Hydrolysed Beef Gelatine is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Hydrolysed Vegetable Protein is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer used in soup, beef, stew

Protonated superoxide radical.

Having strong affinity for water and other polar substances.

Repels water but has affinity for nonpolar substances.

Crystal-lattice substance Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found in bones and teeth.

Oxygen-centered radical generated when the body is exposed to γ rays or low-wavelength electromagnetic radiation.

Hydroxylated Lecithin is a emulsifier — Emulsifier and antioxidant in baked goods, ice cream, margarine

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose is a emulsifier — Emulsifier in food including meat products

Excessive urinary calcium excretion.

Above-normal blood glucose level.

High concentrations of potassium in the blood.

Elevated blood level of any lipid.

High concentrations of phosphorus in the blood.

Abnormal cell proliferation.

Abnormal increase in the rate and depth of breathing.

Sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure (>=130/80 mmHg per 2017 ACC/AHA guideline).

Enlargement of cells to increase the size of an organ or tissue.

Low concentrations of calcium in the blood.

Below-normal blood glucose level.

Low concentrations of potassium in the blood.

Low concentrations of sodium in the blood.

Inadequate oxygen supply to tissues.

Imazalil is a pesticide residue — Antifungal used on dried citrus pulp for animal feed

Imidazolidinyl Urea is a preservative — Bactericidal preservative

Indeno(1,2,3-Cd)Pyrene is a other — Pollutant from incomplete combustion

Stable isotope tracer method that determines amino acid or protein requirements by feeding graded levels of the test amino acid and measuring oxidation of an isotopically labeled indicator amino acid.

Indigo Carmine is a colorant — Synthetic blue food coloring

Measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 expiration to estimate metabolic rate.

Indole is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring in raspberry, strawberry, bitters, chocolate, orange flavorings

Industrial Coconut Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

infant formula

Physiological response to injury or infection involving immune cell activation, vasodilation, and release of cytokines and other mediators.

Chronic relapsing immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising Crohn's disease (transmural, anywhere from mouth to anus) and ulcerative colitis (mucosal, colon only).

ingredient list

Inosinic Acid is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer found in muscle and other tissue

Inositol is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement of vitamin B family

insoluble fiber

Pancreatic hormone secreted in response to rising blood glucose; promotes uptake into muscle and adipose tissue.

Diminished biological response of target tissues (liver, muscle, adipose) to insulin, requiring higher insulin concentrations to maintain euglycemia and underlying type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.

Hepatic peptide hormone produced in response to growth hormone that mediates most of GH's anabolic effects, including muscle protein synthesis, bone formation, and tissue growth.

Interesterified Fat is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Pleiotropic cytokine secreted by macrophages, T cells, and adipocytes that drives hepatic acute-phase response (including CRP and hepcidin synthesis), B cell differentiation, and chronic inflammatory disease.

Strong, ropelike cytoskeletal fibers that provide mechanical stability.

Patterns of eating that incorporate regular periods of substantial energy restriction or fasting, including time-restricted eating, alternate-day fasting, and 5:2 schedules.

Global framework that defines texture-modified foods and thickened liquids on a numeric scale from 0 to 7.

Quantity of a nutrient producing a particular biologic effect; varies by nutrient.

Noncoding regions of a gene.

Inulin is a thickener gum — Water binder, emulsifier, stabilizer, texturizer; prebiotic

Invert Sugar is a natural sweetener — 50% glucose and 50% fructose; sweeter than sucrose

Invert Sugar Syrup is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Trace element required as the substrate for thyroid hormone (T3, T4) synthesis, taken up by thyroid follicular cells via the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS).

Iodine Sources is a nutrient mineral — Iodized salt, mineral supplement; thyroid hormone component

Iodophores is a veterinary drug — Antimicrobials (monensin, lasalocid, etc.) for ruminant feed

Three selenoenzymes (D1, D2, D3) that activate and inactivate thyroid hormones by removing iodine: D1 and D2 convert T4 to active T3, D3 inactivates T3 and T4 to reverse T3 and T2.

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms.

Iprodione is a pesticide residue — Fungicide used on various commodities

Ipronidazole is a veterinary drug — Feed additive, antiprotozoal; growth promoter in poultry

iron

Iron (Dietary Excess) is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Insufficient iron stores to support normal red blood cell production, the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (low Hb, MCV <80 fL) due to depleted iron stores resulting in impaired hemoglobin synthesis, with low ferritin, low transferrin saturation, and elevated soluble transferrin receptor.

Iron Oxide is a colorant — Coloring for dyeing eggshells and pet food

Iron, Elemental is a nutrient mineral — Mineral element; added to enriched cereals, bread, cornmeal

Irradiated Food is a other — Food showered with ionizing radiation beams to kill bacteria

irradiation

Chronic functional GI disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits, in the absence of structural disease.

Deficiency of blood in a tissue.

Isoamyl Acetate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with pear odor; widely used

Isoamyl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring; chocolate, apple, banana, brandy, rum

Isoeugenol is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Proteins with different amino acid sequences that perform the same biological function.

Isomalt is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener; 45-65% sweetness of sugar

Isomaltulose is a natural sweetener — Nutritive sweetener with low blood sugar effect

One of two or more chemical compounds with the same molecular formula.

Enzymes that catalyze interconversion of optical or geometric isomers.

Structure of five-carbon side chains as found in vitamins E and K.

Isopropyl Alcohol is a solvent processing aid — Antibacterial, solvent, denaturant

Enzymes with different amino acid sequences that catalyze the same reaction.

Ivermectin is a veterinary drug — Drug to treat worms in animals

Japan Wax is a other — Packaging fat

Jasmine is a flavoring — Oil and spiritus flavoring from tropical shrub

Juniper is a flavoring — Liquor, root beer, sarsaparilla, wintergreen flavoring

Kaolin is a anti caking — Anticaking additive in food

Kelp is a nutrient mineral — Seasoning, flavoring, iodine source for dietary foods

Cells that produce the protein keratin.

Blood acidosis due to excessive ketone bodies.

Hepatic mitochondrial production of ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone) from acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid β-oxidation during fasting, prolonged exercise, or carbohydrate restriction.

Very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that shifts metabolism toward ketone production for energy.

Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone formed from fatty acid oxidation when four-carbon intermediates are scarce.

Condition of elevated ketone body concentration in blood.

Kids_Sugary_Cereal_Coating is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Kola Nut Extract is a flavoring — Caffeine-containing flavor for cola, chocolate, coffee

Konjac Flour is a thickener gum — Gelling, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing in soup, gravy, mayonnaise, jam

Krameria Extract is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring from dried root of American shrubs

Aerobic mitochondrial cycle that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generates NADH, FADH2, and GTP/ATP.

Severe protein malnutrition with edema, characterized by hypoalbuminemia, fatty liver, skin lesions ("flaky paint dermatosis"), hair changes, and irritability, classically in young children after weaning from breast milk to starch-dominant diet.

Deformity of the spine characterized by a humpback or being bent forward.

L-Carnitine is a nutrient vitamin — B-vitamin factor used for patients with systemic carnitine deficiency

L-Cysteine Hydrochloride is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Lactalbumin is a other — Component of skim milk protein

Genetic trait, controlled by cis-regulatory variants upstream of the LCT gene, in which lactase activity persists into adulthood, allowing digestion of lactose; absent in the majority of the world's adults.

Production and ejection of milk by the mammary gland, controlled by prolactin and oxytocin.

Lactic Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant in beverages, candy, olives, cheese, infant formulas

Lactitol is a natural sweetener — Reduced-calorie sweetener derived from milk sugar

Lactoferrin is a preservative — Antimicrobial spray on uncooked beef carcasses against E. coli

Lactose is a natural sweetener — By-product of cheese industry; humectant and nutrient

lactose intolerance

Lactylic Stearate is a dough conditioner — Dough conditioner to add volume and keep baked products soft

Lanolin is a emulsifier — Chewing-gum base; water-absorbing emulsifier

Fine, soft, lightly pigmented hair usually found on a fetus or malnourished individuals.

Larch is a thickener gum — Dietary fiber; prebiotic and immune modulator

Lard is a other — Internal fat from hog abdomen; packaging and chewing-gum base

Lasalocid is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic used in beef, chicken, lamb

Latex is a other — Component of chewing-gum base

Laurel Leaf Oil is a flavoring — Spice flavoring

Lauric Acid is a flavoring — Common in vegetable fats; flavoring and base for soaps/detergents

Lavender Oil is a flavoring — Ginger ale flavoring, fruit flavoring

Cholesterol content of low-density lipoproteins, the major atherogenic lipoprotein and the primary lipid target of cardiovascular prevention guidelines.

Lead is a other — Toxic metal contaminant

Lecithin is a emulsifier — Natural antioxidant and emollient; emulsifier in chocolate, bakery, ice cream

Lemon Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil expressed from fresh lemon peel; flavor and perfume

Lemongrass Oil is a flavoring — Lemon and fruit flavoring

Adipocyte-secreted peptide hormone that signals body fat mass to the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure, with secretion proportional to fat mass and acute decreases on fasting.

Despite high leptin and adequate receptors, hunger persists and food intake does not diminish.

Branched-chain essential amino acid that acts as a signal for muscle protein synthesis via activation of mTORC1 through Sestrin2 and Rag GTPase signaling.

Bioactive compounds derived from linoleic or α-linolenic acids (n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids).

Levamisole is a veterinary drug — Animal drug to fight parasites

Licorice is a flavoring — Sweet root flavoring for candies, beverages, tobacco

Small molecules or minerals that bind to a larger molecule.

Enzymes that catalyze bond formation between carbon and other atoms.

Lime Oil is a flavoring — Citrus and fruit flavoring; antiseptic, source of vitamin C

Amino acid within a protein with the lowest amino acid or chemical score; present in the smallest amount relative to a reference.

Limonene is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring; lime, fruit, spice

Lincomycin is a veterinary drug — Antibacterial used in swine and broiler chickens

Line_Extension_Formulations is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Pertaining to the tongue.

Essential omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:2n-6) that is the parent of arachidonic acid and the major dietary PUFA in Western diets (sunflower, corn, soybean oils).

Lipase is a enzyme — Enzyme that breaks down fat to glycerol and fatty acids

Attracted to lipids and thus repelled by water.

Spherical particle consisting of a hydrophobic core (triglycerides, cholesteryl esters) and amphipathic surface (phospholipids, cholesterol, apolipoproteins) that transports lipids in plasma.

Complexes of lipids and proteins that transport and distribute lipids.

Liquid Smoke is a flavoring — Wood smoke captured in water; commercial smoke flavoring

Litholrubine Bk is a colorant — Synthetic azo dye for coloring rind of hard cheeses

Locust Bean Gum is a thickener gum — Thickener and stabilizer

Lovage is a flavoring — Bitter, maple, walnut flavoring

Birth weight less than 2,500 g (5 lb 8 oz), associated with increased perinatal mortality and long-term chronic disease risk.

Elimination-and-rechallenge protocol restricting Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, And Polyols to manage IBS symptoms.

Lunchables_Formulation is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Lutein is a colorant — Natural xanthophyll pigment from marigolds

Enzymes that cleave carbon-carbon, carbon-sulfur, and certain carbon-nitrogen bonds without hydrolysis or oxidation-reduction.

Lycopene is a colorant — Red coloring extracted from tomatoes

Lysine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid for food enrichment in wheat-based foods

Cell organelles that contain digestive enzymes.

Lysozyme is a enzyme — Enzyme in cheese production to inhibit Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Mace is a flavoring — Bitters, meat, and spice flavoring

Dietary nutrients that supply energy: fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Excessive fetal growth, typically defined as birth weight greater than 4,000 to 4,500 g or above the 90th percentile for gestational age.

Divalent cation essential as cofactor or activator for >300 enzymes including those involving ATP (which functions as Mg-ATP), important in bone (60% of body Mg), muscle contraction, and neuromuscular signaling.

Maillard Reaction is a other — Browning during cooking; amino acid + sugar reactions

Malathion is a pesticide residue — Insecticide against aphids and other pests

Maleic Hydrazide is a pesticide residue — Plant growth regulator on tobacco, potatoes, onions to prevent sprouting

Malic Acid is a acidulant — Acid in frozen dairy, beverages, baked goods, confections, fruit

State resulting from a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein, or other nutrients that causes measurable adverse effects.

Two-question screening tool for adult inpatients asking about recent unintentional weight loss and recent poor appetite.

Malt Extract is a flavoring — Nutrient and texturizer in cured meat and poultry; brewing

Maltitol is a natural sweetener — Sugar substitute, 90% sweetness of sugar

Maltodextrin is a thickener gum — Texturizer and flavor enhancer in candies

Maltol is a flavor enhancer — Synthetic chocolate, coffee, fruit, maple, nut, vanilla flavoring

Maltose is a natural sweetener — Nutrient, sweetener, culture medium, stabilizer; used in cheeses and brewing

Manganese Sources is a nutrient mineral — Mineral supplement; activators of enzymes

Mannitol is a natural sweetener — Texturizer in chewing gum, candy, jams, jellies

Maple Syrup is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Severe protein-energy malnutrition characterized by total body wasting (weight-for-height <70% median, mid-upper arm circumference <115 mm in children) without edema, due to chronic energy and protein deficit.

Margarine is a other — Butter substitute from animal/vegetable fats or oils

Marjoram, Pot is a flavoring — Sausage and spice flavoring

Mastic Gum is a thickener gum — Food ingredient in Mediterranean region

Evidence-based nutrition assessment, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention provided by an RDN to treat a medical condition.

Traditional dietary pattern of olive oil-rich Mediterranean populations characterized by high intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, fish, and moderate wine, with low intake of red and processed meats.

Mediterranean eating pattern

Macrocytic anemia caused by impaired DNA synthesis in red blood cell precursors, usually from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

Melamine is a other — Used in paper/paperboard packaging; illegal protein adulterant

Menadione is a nutrient vitamin — Synthetic vitamin K; dietary supplement

Menthol is a flavoring — Butter, caramel, fruit, peppermint, spearmint flavoring; local anesthetic

Mercury is a other — Toxic contaminant in fish/seafood

mercury in fish

Cluster of central obesity, dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low HDL), elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting glucose that confers excess risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Systematic study of small-molecule metabolites (<1,500 Da) in biological samples using mass spectrometry or NMR, providing objective biomarkers of dietary intake, metabolic state, and disease.

Small cysteine-rich intracellular protein that binds zinc, copper, and other heavy metals, induced by zinc itself, glucocorticoids, and oxidative stress, that buffers cellular metal availability.

Methane Dichloride is a solvent processing aid — Solvent to extract chemicals; decaffeinate coffee

Methanol is a solvent processing aid — Solvent and denaturant for hops and spices

Methionine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid; dietary substance, frying oil enhancement

Methoxychlor is a pesticide residue — Insecticide for flies, mosquitoes, on food crops and livestock

Methyl Alcohol is a solvent processing aid — Solvent for spice oleoresins and hops extract for beer

Methyl Bromide is a pesticide residue — Fumigant in warehouses for nuts, seeds, flours

Methyl Chloride is a pesticide residue — Spray pesticide in food storage; not to contact fatty foods

Methyl Salicylate is a flavoring — Mint, wintergreen, root beer, sarsaparilla flavoring

Methylcellulose is a thickener gum — Binder, thickener, dispersing, emulsifying additive

Methylene Chloride is a solvent processing aid — Decaffeinating solvent for coffee; common industrial solvent

Organic acid that accumulates when methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity is impaired by vitamin B12 deficiency; elevated serum or urine MMA is a sensitive functional marker of B12 deficiency.

Methylparaben is a preservative — Preservative in jelly, preserves, cosmetics

Mibolerone is a veterinary drug — Male hormone in dog food to increase growth

Stable aggregate of lipid molecules in equilibrium within an aqueous solution.

The collective genomes, metabolites, and ecosystem of microorganisms inhabiting a body site (most commonly the colon), distinct from the microbiota (the organisms themselves).

Microcrystalline Wax is a other — Substitute for natural waxes; laminating paper and films

Solid cytoskeletal structure made of a double-helix polymer of actin.

Bacteria adapted to living in a specific environment, such as the intestines.

Small noncoding RNAs that silence gene expression by binding mRNA.

Hollow, cylindrical cytoskeletal structures composed of tubulin.

Extensions of intestinal epithelial cells that present a large surface area for absorption.

Milk Clotting Enzyme From Bacillus Cereus is a enzyme — Used to clot milk in cheese making

Milk Powder, Whole, Enzyme Modified is a other — Enzyme-modified milk powder prepared with GRAS enzymes from reconstituted milk

Milk_Protein_Concentrate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Milkfat is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Hybrid of Mediterranean and DASH diets emphasizing 10 brain-healthy food groups (leafy greens, berries, nuts, whole grains, fish, beans, poultry, olive oil, wine) and 5 to limit (red meat, butter/margarine, cheese, sweets, fried food).

mindful eating

mineral

Mineral Oil is a solvent processing aid — Refined liquid hydrocarbon used as defoamer, coating, lubricant, dough divider, pan oil

Validated screening tool specifically designed for adults aged 65 and older.

Cellular organelles that produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation and host the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Moca is a other — Packaging adhesive (prohibited from indirect addition to food from food contact surface)

Modified Cellulose is a thickener gum — Cellulose-based gum used as thickener and stabilizer

Modified Starch is a thickener gum — Starch chemically altered to modify thickening or jelling properties

Modified_Food_Starch is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Moenomycin is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic used as animal feed drug for poultry, calves, and swine

Molasses is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Quantity of a substance equal to its molecular or atomic weight expressed in grams.

Molybdenum is a nutrient mineral — Dietary supplement; trace element in animal and plant metabolism

Monensin is a veterinary drug — Broad-spectrum antibiotic from Streptomyces cinnamonensis used in cattle feed to speed growth

Step 4 of the NCP: tracking client progress on indicators tied to the assessment and evaluating intervention effectiveness.

Mono- And Diglycerides is a emulsifier — All-purpose food additive synthesized from mono- and diglycerides from edible sources; used as emulsifiers, lubricants, release agents, and surface-active agents

Mono- And Diglycerides Of Fatty Acids is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Mono- And Diglycerides, Diacetyltartaric Acid Esters is a emulsifier — Emulsifier used in food, esters of mono- and diacetyltartaric acid with food fats

Mono- And Diglycerides, Ethoxylated is a emulsifier — Synthetically produced from mono- and diglycerides for uniform texture in baked goods

Monocalcium Phosphate is a acidulant — Buffer, leavening agent in self-rising flours, firming agent

Monomethyltin is a other — Organotin used as heat stabilizer in PVC and CPVC piping; contaminant of food-packaging applications

Monopotassium Glutamate is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer and salt substitute used in meat

Simplest carbohydrates that cannot be reduced to smaller carbohydrate units.

Monosodium Methylarsonate is a pesticide residue — Herbicide used on animal feed and cottonseed hulls

monounsaturated fat

Morantel is a veterinary drug — Worm medicine used to treat cattle

Morpholine is a solvent processing aid — Coating on fresh fruits and vegetables; cheap solvent for resins, waxes, dyes; corrosion inhibitor

Movement.

Person-centered, collaborative counseling style that strengthens a client's own motivation and commitment to change.

Moxidectin is a veterinary drug — Antibacterial for treatment of internal and external parasites in cattle

Msg is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer used to intensify meat and spice flavorings

Riboflavin (FAD)-dependent enzyme that reduces 5,10-methylene-THF to 5-methyl-THF, committing folate to methionine remethylation rather than thymidylate synthesis.

Nutrient- and growth factor-sensing protein kinase complex that, when active, drives protein synthesis, lipogenesis, and cell growth while suppressing autophagy.

Glycoproteins found in some body secretions, such as saliva.

multivitamin

Musk Ambrette is a flavoring — Synthetic musk fragrance/flavoring (now banned in direct-skin-contact products)

Musk Ketone is a flavoring — Synthetic nitro musk used in cosmetics and permitted as food additive

Change in the structure of a gene.

Myclobutanil is a pesticide residue — Systemic fungicide used on fruits

Mycoprotein is a other — Meat substitute made by fermentation of fungus Fusarium graminearum

USDA's consumer-facing food guidance icon, dividing a plate into vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, and dairy.

Myristic Acid is a flavoring — Solid organic acid used in butter, butterscotch, chocolate, coconut, and fruit flavorings

Naphtha is a solvent processing aid — Petroleum-derived solvent used as diluent in color additive mixtures for shell eggs

Naphthalene is a other — Coal-tar derivative used in mothballs and various industrial products

Narasin is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic in broiler chicken feed used to combat parasites and as growth stimulant

Ongoing CDC survey combining interviews, physical exams, and laboratory tests to assess the health and nutritional status of the U.S. population.

Excretion of large amounts of sodium in the urine.

natural

Natural Flavorings is a flavoring — Material obtained by physical processes — distillation, extraction, enzyme action — of plant or animal origin

Natural Flavors is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Natural_Flavor is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Ndo is a other — Short-chain carbohydrates that are not digested in small intestine; may stimulate gut bacteria

Neohesperidine Dihydrochalcone is a artificial sweetener — Synthetic flavoring/sweetener used in many food categories

Neomycin Sulfate is a veterinary drug — Widely used antibiotic; used in animal medicine to treat calves

Neotame is a artificial sweetener — Sugar substitute approved by FDA 2002; ~8,000x sweeter than table sugar

System of nervous tissue made up of neurons and glial cells.

Niacin is a nutrient vitamin — Essential nutrient in many energy-yielding reactions; component of vitamin B complex

Nickel is a other — Catalyst for hydrogenation of fat; trace metal in food supply

Nickel Sulfate is a nutrient mineral — Mineral supplement (salt of nickel)

Nisin is a preservative — Antimicrobial additive from Streptococcus lactis used as preservative in cheese, dairy, canned vegetables

Nitrate is a preservative — Color fixative in cured meats

Nitrite is a preservative — Color fixative and antimicrobial in cured meats; resists growth of C. botulinum spores

Nitrofurans is a veterinary drug — Antibiotics formerly used in food-producing animals; now banned in EU/US/Canada

Difference between nitrogen intake (largely from dietary protein) and nitrogen excretion (urine urea, feces, integument), used to assess whole-body protein status in research and clinical settings.

Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing radical formed from nitric oxide and molecular oxygen.

Substitution of a hydrogen atom in an organic compound with a nitroso group (-N=O).

Organic compound containing a nitroso group attached to a sulfur atom.

Nitrous Oxide is a gas packaging — Whipping additive and propellant for dairy and vegetable fat toppings

Hepatic steatosis (>5% of hepatocytes) in the absence of significant alcohol use or secondary causes, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammation and fibrosis.

Progressive form of NAFLD characterized by hepatic steatosis with lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, with or without fibrosis, capable of progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

non-celiac gluten sensitivity

non-GMO

Hepatic steatosis (>5% of hepatocytes) in the absence of significant alcohol intake; most common liver disease worldwide.

Progressive form of NAFLD with hepatocellular injury, inflammation, and risk of fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Inorganic iron from plant foods, dairy, eggs, and supplements, with bioavailability of approximately 2-20% that is highly sensitive to enhancers (ascorbate, meat) and inhibitors (phytate, polyphenols, calcium).

Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid is a antioxidant — Antioxidant formerly used in lard, baked goods, candy, ice cream

Set of two membranes containing nuclear pores that surround the cell nucleus.

Regions of the nucleus that synthesize ribosomal RNA.

Phosphate esters of purine or pyrimidine bases linked to ribose or deoxyribose.

Nutmeg is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from dried ripe seed of Myristica fragrans

Nutraceuticals is a other — Substances in or parts of food considered to provide medical or health benefits

nutrient content claim

nutrient density

Study of how nutrients and bioactive food components modulate gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolism, and how genetic variation affects individual response to diet.

Step 1 of the NCP: systematic collection and interpretation of data across five domains to identify nutrition problems.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' standardized four-step clinical workflow: Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, Monitoring and Evaluation.

Standardized vocabulary of ~1,700 terms used to document each step of the Nutrition Care Process.

Step 2 of the NCP: a specific nutrition problem that an RDN is responsible for treating, organized into three domains.

Nutrition Facts label

Step 3 of the NCP: purposeful actions to resolve the etiology or manage the signs and symptoms of a nutrition diagnosis.

Detailed, individualized description of a client's nutrient needs that anchors the nutrition intervention plan.

Brief, validated process to identify clients who currently have or are at risk for nutrition problems and should be referred to an RDN.

Popkin-described sequence of dietary and lifestyle shifts that populations undergo with economic development, from traditional plant-based to Western diets high in animal products, refined grains, and ultra-processed foods.

Systematic head-to-toe physical examination by a clinician to identify signs of macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, fluid status, and body composition changes (muscle and subcutaneous fat loss).

Hands-on physical exam by an RDN to detect signs of macro- and micronutrient deficiency, fluid status changes, and muscle/fat loss.

Study of how nutrients interact with the genome, and how genetic variants modify nutrient requirements and disease risk.

Constant, involuntary movement of the eyeball.

Nystatin is a veterinary drug — Antifungal used in animal feed for poultry and pigs

Chronic disease characterized by excess body fat sufficient to impair health, defined in adults by BMI >=30 kg/m².

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that alter lipid metabolism by binding hormone receptors.

Study in which the assignment of subjects to control or treated groups is outside the investigator's control.

Ochratoxin A is a other — Toxin (mycotoxin) produced by Aspergillus species; contaminant of foods

older adult nutrition

Oleic Acid is a flavoring — Fatty acid from animal/vegetable fats; defoaming additive, synthetic butter/cheese/spice flavoring, lubricant, binder

Olestra is a other — Fat substitute (sucrose polyester); cannot be digested; zero calories

Short chains of monosaccharide units joined by covalent bonds.

Olive Oil is a other — Monounsaturated edible oil from ripe olives

omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-6 is a other — Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); excessive intake in Western diets associated with pathogenesis of many diseases

omega-6 fatty acids

Genes capable of causing a normal cell to convert to a cancerous cell.

Pre-lethal pathway with cellular and organelle swelling and increased membrane permeability leading to cell death.

Integrated network of folate- and methionine-dependent reactions that transfer one-carbon units for nucleotide synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and methylation reactions.

Paralysis of the ocular muscles.

Oreo_Formulation is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Pertaining to increasing or stimulating the appetite.

organic

Organophosphates is a pesticide residue — Phosphorus-containing pesticides and insecticides

Organotin is a other — Heat stabilizers in PVC and CPVC piping; contaminant in drinking water

Solute particle numbers expressed as osmoles per kg of solvent.

Solute particle numbers expressed as osmoles per liter of solution.

Number of moles of particles in solution.

Net movement of solvent from lower to higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Property of a solution proportional to nondiffusible solute concentration.

Bone-forming cells.

Cells that break down or resorb bone.

Bone-mineralization defect in adults due to inadequate vitamin D.

Skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to fracture, defined operationally by WHO as DXA T-score ≤ -2.5 at hip or spine.

Enzymatic reaction in which oxygen is added to or hydrogen and electrons are removed from a reactant.

Mitochondrial pathway that makes ATP from ADP and Pi.

Imbalance between production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antioxidant defenses, leading to damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA implicated in aging, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and cancer.

Oxidized Starch is a thickener gum — Modified starch

Enzymes that catalyze redox reactions.

Oxytetracycline is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic used in feed to increase growth in chickens and turkeys

P-Cresol is a flavoring — Synthetic nut and vanilla flavoring from coal tar

P4000 is a artificial sweetener — Sweetener 4,000x sweeter than sugar (banned in US for potential toxic effects)

Packaging is a other — Food packaging materials regulated as food additives because of potential migration into food

Pah is a other — Group of chemicals (100+ combinations) often found together; environmental contaminants

Specialized care focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for patients with serious illness, at any stage.

Palm Oil is a other — Yellow-brown buttery edible solid; used as shortening, tallow substitute

Palmitic Acid is a flavoring — Fatty acid found in fats (chiefly palm oil); used in butter and cheese flavorings and processing fresh citrus

Pancreatin is a enzyme — Preparation of pancreatic hormones used to aid digestion of starches, fats, proteins

Pantothenic Acid is a nutrient vitamin — B-complex vitamin essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and other substances

Papain is a enzyme — Proteinase enzyme from papaya for meat tenderizing; clearing beverages; reducing cooking time in enriched farina

Paprika is a colorant — Strong reddish-orange powder from dried sweet pepper; sausage/spice flavoring and red coloring

Paprika Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Parabens is a preservative — Most commonly used preservatives in US; prevent growth of molds and yeasts

Paraffin Wax is a other — Defoaming component in yeast and sugar beet production; chewing-gum base; food coating

Paraquat is a pesticide residue — Defoliant and herbicide used in animal feed (goats, cattle, sheep, lambs)

Parathion is a pesticide residue — Organophosphate insecticide and acaricide

84-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by parathyroid chief cells in response to low ionized calcium that restores normocalcemia by mobilizing bone calcium, increasing renal calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion, and stimulating renal CYP27B1.

Functional cells of an organ, such as hepatocytes in the liver.

Intravenous delivery of complete macronutrient and micronutrient nutrition, indicated when enteral feeding is impossible, inadequate, or unsafe (severe SBS, ileus, intestinal failure, certain GI surgeries).

Sensation of burning, tingling, or pricking associated with peripheral nerve damage.

Partially Hydrogenated Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil is a other — Hydrogenated vegetable oil used in margarine, crackers, snack foods, baked goods (the source of trans fats)

pasteurization

Pea Starch is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Peanut Oil is a other — Greenish-yellow oil from peanuts; solvent in salad oil, shortening, mayonnaise, confections

Pectin is a thickener gum — Plant polysaccharide; stabilizer, jelling, and thickening additive

Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency syndrome characterized by the "three Ds": dermatitis (photosensitive, symmetric, in sun-exposed areas), diarrhea, and dementia, with death as the fourth D if untreated.

Pathway that metabolizes glucose-6-phosphate to pentose phosphate, producing NADPH.

Endoscopically placed feeding tube that delivers enteral nutrition directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall.

perinatal nutrition

Renal replacement therapy that uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter, instilling and draining dialysate via a catheter.

Organelles containing oxidative catabolic enzymes.

Radical that contains a peroxyl (-O-O-) group.

Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing oxidant formed by reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals.

Standardized nutrition diagnosis sentence with three components: Problem, Etiology, and Signs/Symptoms.

pescatarian

Skin discolorations caused by ruptured small blood vessels.

Endocytotic process in which material is engulfed into a cell.

Phenylalanine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid not synthesized by the body; required for growth

Phosphate is a emulsifier — Salt of phosphoric acid; emulsifier, texturizer, sequestrant in foods

Lipids containing phosphate and one or more fatty acid residues.

Phosphoric Acid is a acidulant — Colorless, odorless acid; sequestrant for fats/oils, acidulant and flavoring in soft drinks

Cleavage of a chemical bond with addition of phosphoric acid.

Metabolic process of adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

Phthalates is a other — Salts/esters of phthalic acid used as plasticizers in food packaging, inks, coatings

physical activity

Plant phosphate storage compound (inositol hexaphosphate) abundant in whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds that binds divalent cations (Fe2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and reduces their bioavailability.

Phytic Acid is a other — Plant compound used to chelate heavy metals, rust inhibitor, water treatment

Biologically active, non-nutritive substance found in plants.

Bioactive plant compounds, not classified as nutrients, with potential health effects beyond basic nutrition.

phytonutrient

Plant-derived sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) and their saturated stanols that competitively inhibit cholesterol absorption at the intestinal NPC1L1 transporter.

Side chain of vitamins E and K.

Uptake of fluid into a cell via vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Piperonyl Butoxide is a pesticide residue — Widely used insecticide synergist in animal feed, dried foods, cereal grain milling, packaging

Liquid portion of blood after removal of cells and platelets.

Phospholipid bilayer encapsulating a cell.

ATP-dependent calcium pump on the basolateral enterocyte membrane that exports calcium into blood during transcellular intestinal calcium absorption.

Plasticizers is a other — Substances that add flexibility to plastics; migrate from food packaging into food

Polyacrylamide is a thickener gum — White solid polymer of acrylamide; thickening additive, suspending additive, additive to adhesives

Polychlorinated Biphenyls is a other — Industrial chemicals; banned in 1979 in US

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds is a other — 100+ chemicals formed during incomplete burning of coal/oil/gas/garbage/tobacco/charbroiled meat

Common endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries.

Polydextrose is a other — Reduced-calorie bulking additive (Pfizer-developed); 1 cal/gram vs 4-9 for sugar/fat

Polyethylene Glycol is a humectant — Defoaming additive in beet sugar/yeast processing; resistance to moisture and oxidation

Polyols is a humectant — Alcohol compounds that absorb moisture; sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, etc.)

Polyoxyethylene Stearate is a emulsifier — Waxy solid formerly added to bread to make it 'feel fresh'

Large class (>8,000) of plant secondary metabolites with multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups, including flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones), phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans.

Polyphosphates is a preservative — Salts of phosphoric acid with multiple phosphate units; aid processing and improve eating quality of foods (especially meat and fish)

Long chains of monosaccharide units, often numbering hundreds or thousands.

Polysorbate 60 is a emulsifier — Waxy emulsifier (condensate of sorbitol with stearic acid); stabilizer, wetting and dispersing additive

Polysorbate 80 is a emulsifier — Viscous liquid emulsifier (condensate of sorbitol with oleic acid); stabilizer and humectant

Polysorbates is a emulsifier — Family of widely-used emulsifiers and stabilizers (polysorbate 20 through 85)

polyunsaturated fat

Polyvinyl Chloride is a other — Plastic resin used in food packaging and many consumer products

Pomegranate is a other — Royal fruit; rich source of antioxidants; juice in supplements

Ponceau Red is a colorant — Synthetic colorant used in foods

Poppy Seed is a flavoring — Natural flavoring for baked goods (5,600 ppm)

Nitrogen- and iron-containing nonprotein portion of hemoglobin.

portion

Preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host (ISAPP 2021 definition).

Occurring after a meal.

Major intracellular cation, critical for membrane potential, muscle and cardiac function, and counterion for sodium effects on blood pressure; AI is 3,400 mg/d adult men, 2,600 mg/d adult women.

Potassium Benzoate is a preservative — Preservative in margarine and wine

Potassium Bromate is a bleaching agent — Dough conditioner and bleaching agent used widely in commercial bread baking

Potassium Chloride is a nutrient mineral — Substitute for sodium chloride (table salt) in low-sodium dietary foods; yeast food in brewing

Potassium Cyclamate is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener (removed from GRAS list 1969)

Potassium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Strong alkali used as cocoa product alkalizer, peeling additive for fruits/tubers

Potassium Nitrate is a preservative — Color fixative in cured meats

Potassium Nitrite is a preservative — Cure for meats

Potassium Sorbate is a preservative — Mold and yeast inhibitor; fungistat in beverages, baked goods, dressings, dairy

Potato Starch is a thickener gum — Flour prepared from potatoes; swells in hot water to form gel

Substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (ISAPP definition).

Nondigestible food ingredients that promote growth or activity of health-promoting colonic bacteria.

Approach to dietary recommendations that integrates individual characteristics (genome, microbiome, metabolome, lifestyle, environment) to optimize health outcomes beyond one-size-fits-all guidelines.

Glycemic state between normal and diabetes, defined by IFG (FPG 100 to 125), IGT (2-hour OGTT 140 to 199), or A1C 5.7 to 6.4%.

Pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder typically after 20 weeks' gestation, with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction.

Occurring before a meal.

Preservatives is a preservative — About 100 'antispoilants' that retard or prevent food from going bad

Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (ISAPP/FAO definition).

Products containing live microorganisms in sufficient numbers to alter gut microflora for health benefit.

Processed_Cheese is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cells without a defined nucleus.

Ongoing generation of free radicals following initiation.

Substance or regimen that helps prevent disease or illness.

Propionate is a preservative — Approved preservative in bread and other flour products to inhibit mold

Propionic Acid is a preservative — Preservative and flavoring in bakery and cheese flavorings

Propyl Gallate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils; potato flakes, mashed potatoes, mayonnaise; pressure-sensitive adhesives on food labels

Propylene Glycol is a humectant — Clear, colorless, viscous liquid; humectant, emulsifier, antifreeze in breweries/dairy

Epidemiological study in which subjects are selected on baseline factors and followed for future outcomes.

Bioactive compounds derived from linoleic or α-linolenic acids.

Enzymes that digest proteins.

protein

protein foods group

Family of enzymes that transfer a phosphate from ATP to another protein.

ISRNM-defined syndrome of body store loss in chronic kidney disease characterized by serum chemistry abnormalities (low albumin, prealbumin), low body mass, reduced muscle mass, and reduced intake.

Large molecules of proteins and glycosaminoglycans.

Pertaining to the breakdown of protein.

Large-scale study of the proteome (expressed proteins) in cells, tissues, and biofluids, typically via mass spectrometry, including identification, quantification, and post-translational modification mapping.

Active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 that participates in over 150 enzymatic reactions, predominantly transaminations, decarboxylations, and one-carbon transfers in amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism.

qualified health claim

Inactivation of electronically excited molecules, such as singlet oxygen.

Energy-dense (520 kcal/100 g), micronutrient-fortified, lipid-based paste used in community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, requiring no preparation or refrigeration.

Macromolecules that bind a signal molecule with high specificity to trigger intracellular events.

Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

The average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life-stage and sex group.

Potentially fatal shifts in fluid and electrolytes (especially hypophosphatemia) that occur when reintroducing nutrition to a severely malnourished patient.

refined grain

Refined White Flour is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Involuntary response to a stimulus.

Credentialed food and nutrition professional qualified to deliver medical nutrition therapy and apply the Nutrition Care Process.

Impaired physiological function caused by relative energy deficiency in athletes of any sex.

Nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients, focused on managing protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and fluid.

Rennet is a enzyme — Fungal-derived additive used to tenderize meat and make cheese

Resupply of an organ or tissue with oxygen, nutrients, or both.

Synthesis of a daughter duplex DNA molecule identical to the parental duplex.

Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine and is fermented by colonic microbiota, producing short-chain fatty acids and acting functionally as a fiber.

Ratio of CO2 expired to O2 consumed.

Energy expended at rest in a thermoneutral environment to maintain basic physiological functions, accounting for 60-75% of total daily energy expenditure in sedentary adults.

Nuclear receptor family (RARα, RARβ, RARγ) that, after binding all-trans retinoic acid, heterodimerizes with RXR and regulates transcription of genes controlling development, immunity, and epithelial differentiation.

Nuclear receptor activated by 9-cis retinoic acid that serves as an obligatory heterodimer partner for RAR, VDR, PPAR, TR, LXR, FXR, and others, making it a central hub of nutrient-sensitive transcription.

Unit expressing vitamin A activity in food, defined such that 1 μg RAE = 1 μg retinol = 12 μg dietary β-carotene = 24 μg of other provitamin A carotenoids.

Vitamin A-containing protein found in the eye.

Disorder of bone mineralization in children caused by vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency, characterized by growth plate widening, bowing of long bones, rachitic rosary, and craniotabes.

Calcium channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum that releases calcium.

Universal biological methyl donor formed from methionine and ATP that donates its methyl group in over 100 methyltransferase reactions, becoming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH).

safe internal temperature

Safflower Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Progressive, generalized skeletal muscle disorder characterized by low muscle strength, low muscle mass or quality, and low physical performance, increasing risk of falls, fractures, disability, and mortality.

Co-occurrence of low skeletal muscle mass/function with excess adiposity, conferring worse functional and metabolic outcomes than either condition alone.

Smooth ER found in muscle cells; site of the calcium pump.

saturated fat

Fatty acid with no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain; major dietary sources are animal fat (palmitic, stearic), coconut and palm oils (lauric, myristic, palmitic), and dairy.

Vitamin C deficiency syndrome with manifestations including perifollicular hemorrhage, corkscrew hairs, gingival bleeding, poor wound healing, fatigue, and anemia, due to impaired collagen hydroxylation.

Inflammatory skin condition.

Any of ~25 human proteins containing selenocysteine (Sec, the 21st amino acid) encoded by UGA codons recoded via SECIS elements, including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases.

Semolina is a other — Purified ground inside of durum wheat used in pasta

Senna, Alexandria is a flavoring — Flavoring from dried leaves of Cassia senna

DNA strand that serves as a template for mRNA.

Separated Wheat Protein is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

Sequestering Additive is a preservative — Preservative preventing physical or chemical changes affecting product

Serine is a amino acid — Nonessential amino acid used as dietary supplement

Serpentaria Extract is a flavoring — Flavoring permitted in alcoholic beverages only

Pale yellow blood fluid from which clotting factors have been removed.

serving size

Sesame is a flavoring — Seeds used to flavor breads, crackers, cakes, confectionery

Shaddock Extract is a flavoring — Extract of Citrus grandis, related to grapefruit

Shark-Liver Oil is a nutrient vitamin — Source of vitamin A from large predatory sharks

Shea Butter is a other — Natural fat from karite fruit used in food and soap

Shea Fat is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Shea Nut Oil is a other — Edible oil from shea butter production

Shellac is a other — Resinous insect excretion used as candy glaze

Malabsorption resulting from extensive surgical resection or congenital absence of small bowel, typically when <200 cm of functional small intestine remains, often requiring parenteral nutrition.

Fatty acids with two to six carbons (predominantly acetate, propionate, butyrate) produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and resistant starch.

Shrimp-Derived Chitosan is a other — GRAS-claimed ingredient for use in foods including meat and poultry

Inherited disorder affecting red blood cell production and function.

Cascade of intracellular reactions following extracellular molecule binding to a cell-surface receptor.

Silica is a anti caking — Coloring additive and anticaking agent occurring in sand

Silica Aerogel is a anti caking — Antifoaming additive in beverages and surfactant

Silicon Dioxide is a anti caking — Defoamer and anticaking additive in foods

Silver is a colorant — Decorative coating for cake decoration

Silver Fir Needles Oil is a flavoring — Essential oil used in cough and cold remedies, fragrance

Simaruba Bark is a flavoring — Flavoring for alcoholic beverages only from bitter bark

Simazine is a pesticide residue — Herbicide regulated in molasses for animal feed

Simplesse is a other — Fat substitute made from egg and milk protein

Electronically excited oxygen with an electron promoted above its normal orbital.

NAD+-dependent deacylase enzymes (SIRT1-SIRT7) that couple cellular NAD+ availability to deacetylation of histones, transcription factors, and metabolic enzymes, linking energy status to chromatin and metabolism.

Sitostanol is a other — Plant sterol that inhibits cholesterol absorption

Skim Milk is a other — Whole milk with fat reduced to less than 0.1 percent

Sloe Berries is a flavoring — Natural flavoring in berry, plum, liquor products

SMART goals

Smoke Flavoring Solutions is a flavoring — Condensates from burning hardwood used to flavor and preserve

Snakeroot Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring from Asarum canadense roots

SNAP

Traditional medical charting format: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that shape their health outcomes.

sodium

Sodium Acetate is a preservative — Preservative, flavoring, and pH control

Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate is a acidulant — Slow-acting acid leavening and color accelerator

Sodium Alginate is a thickener gum — Stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier from seaweed

Sodium Aluminosilicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive in dried eggs, cheese, dental compounds

Sodium Aluminum Phosphate is a acidulant — Buffer in self-rising flour and cheeses

Sodium Aluminum Sulfate is a bleaching agent — Flour-bleaching additive in cereal flours

Sodium Arsanilate is a veterinary drug — Used in animal feed; contains arsenic

Sodium Ascorbate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in chopped meat and curing

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative — Preservative active against yeast and bacteria

Sodium Bicarbonate is a acidulant — Alkali leavening additive in baked goods

Sodium Bisulfite is a preservative — Bleaching, antibrowning, and preservative additive

Sodium Borate is a preservative — Preservative and emulsifier; weak antiseptic

Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Hydrated is a anti caking — Prevents salt and dry mixes from caking

Sodium Carbonate is a acidulant — Neutralizer for butter, cream, milk, ice cream

Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose is a thickener gum — Stabilizer, thickener, gelling additive

Sodium Caseinate is a emulsifier — Texturizer in ice cream and dairy products

Sodium Chloride is a flavor enhancer — Seasoning, preservative, and packing additive

Sodium Chlorite is a bleaching agent — Powerful oxidizer for modifying food starch

Sodium Citrate is a acidulant — Emulsifier and buffer to control acidity

Sodium Dehydroacetate is a preservative — Preservative used in cut or peeled squash

Sodium Diacetate is a preservative — Preservative inhibiting mold and rope-forming bacteria

Sodium Erythorbate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in pickling brine and meat products

Sodium Ferrocyanide is a anti caking — Anticaking additive for table salt; processing aid in wine

Sodium Fluoride is a other — Used in toothpastes and water fluoridation

Sodium Gluconate is a acidulant — Sequestering additive

Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, sequestrant, and texturizer

Sodium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Alkali and modifier for food starch, glazing additive for pretzels

Sodium Hypochlorite is a preservative — Preservative used in washing cottage cheese curd

Sodium Iron Edta is a nutrient mineral — Iron source for supervised food fortification programs

Sodium Lactate is a humectant — Plasticizer substitute for glycerin and antioxidant

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is a surfactant — Detergent, wetting additive, whipping aid

Sodium Metabisulfite is a preservative — Bacterial inhibitor and antibrowning additive

Sodium Metabisulphite is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Sodium Metaphosphate is a emulsifier — Dough conditioner and sequestrant

Sodium Metasilicate is a other — Alkali peeling solution for peaches; denuder for tripe

Sodium Nitrate is a preservative — Curing agent for meats

Sodium Nitrite is a preservative — Curing agent for raw beef color retention

Sodium Pantothenate is a nutrient vitamin — B vitamin used as dietary supplement

Sodium Pectinate is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and thickener for syrups, ice cream, jams

Sodium Phosphate (Mono-, Di-, And Tribasic) is a acidulant — Buffer and effervescent

Sodium Potassium Tartrate is a acidulant — Buffer for confections, jellies, jams

Sodium Propionate is a preservative — Preservative against mold and fungus

Sodium Pyrophosphate is a emulsifier — Decreases cooked-out juices in cured meats

Sodium Saccharin is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener 300 times sweeter than sugar

Sodium Sesquicarbonate is a acidulant — Neutralizer for cream, milk, ice cream, olives, cocoa products

Sodium Silicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive for preserving eggs and detergents

Sodium Silicoaluminate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive in salt, dried egg yolks, sugar, baking powder

Sodium Sorbate is a preservative — Food preservative in cheeses and fruit products

Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate is a emulsifier — Dough strengthener, emulsifier, processing aid

Sodium Sulfate is a other — Used in chewing-gum base and to preserve tuna and biscuits

Sodium Sulfite is a preservative — Antiseptic, preservative, antioxidant, browning inhibitor

Sodium Tartrate is a acidulant — Laxative, sequestrant, chemical reactant

Sodium Thiosulfate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant for sliced potatoes; stabilizer for iodized salt

Sodium Tripolyphosphate is a emulsifier — Texturizer, sequestrant, food-starch modifier

sodium-to-potassium ratio

Soluble Collagen is a other — Protein from connective tissue of young animals

soluble fiber

Sorbic Acid is a preservative — Mold and yeast inhibitor

Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters is a emulsifier — Emulsifier and stabilizer

Sorbitan Monostearate is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, defoamer, flavor-dispersing additive

Sorbitol is a natural sweetener — Sugar alcohol thickener, sequestrant, sweetener, humectant

Soy Lecithin is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Soy Lecithin Phosphatidylserine is a emulsifier — Food ingredient (except meat/poultry) with GRAS notification

Soy Protein Isolate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Soy Sauce is a flavoring — Fermented hydrolysis product of soybeans

Soybean Oil is a other — Edible oil used in defoamers, margarine, shortenings, candy

Spearmint is a flavoring — Essential volatile oil from Mentha spicata

Federal program providing supplemental foods, nutrition education, and health referrals to low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5.

Lipid mediators derived from EPA and DHA (resolvins, protectins, maresins) that actively promote resolution of inflammation rather than passive cessation, characterized by Charles Serhan.

Lipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine as a backbone.

Sphingolipid with phosphocholine at the terminal hydroxyl.

Spirulina is a colorant — Dried biomass of Athrospira platensis used in foods

Pertaining to the internal organs (viscera) in the abdominal cavity.

sports nutrition

Behavior change model with five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Tendency of a molecule to donate or receive electrons.

Stannous Chloride is a antioxidant — Antioxidant and reducing additive

Star Anise is a flavoring — Flavoring from Illicium verum

starch

Starch, Bleached is a thickener gum — Bleached thickener starch

Stearic Acid is a emulsifier — Saturated fatty acid used in butter and vanilla flavorings

Stearyl Citrate is a antioxidant — Metal chelator and antioxidant to prevent rancidity

Stearyl Tartrate is a dough conditioner — Dough-strengthening additive

Presence of an excessive amount of fat in the feces.

Storage cells of the liver.

Compounds with the same structure but different configurations.

Lipids containing a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring, a hydroxyl group, and a side chain.

Stevia_Truvia is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Stevioside is a natural sweetener — Plant-derived sweetener equal in sweetness to sugar

Storax is a flavoring — Resin from Asiatic tree bark used in flavorings

Strontium Hydroxide is a other — Used in refining beet sugar and separating sugar from molasses

structure-function claim

Structured Triglycerides is a other — Used in infant formula for term and preterm infants

Strychnine is a pesticide residue — Pesticide for killing small vertebrates

Styrene is a other — Chewing substance in chewing gum from ethylbenzene

Bedside clinical tool combining history and physical exam to classify nutritional status as well-nourished, moderately malnourished, or severely malnourished.

Transfer of a phosphate group from one organic molecule to another to form ATP.

Succinic Acid is a acidulant — Buffer and neutralizing additive in food processing

Succinylated Monoglycerides is a emulsifier — Dough conditioner adding loaf volume and firmness

Sucralose is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener six hundred times sweeter than sugar

Sucrose is a natural sweetener — Sweetening additive, preservative, antioxidant

Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate is a emulsifier — Mixture of esters of sucrose with acetic and isobutyric acids

Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, stabilizer, and texturizer

Sudan Red is a colorant — Red dyes for solvents, oils, waxes, polishes

Sugar Alcohols is a natural sweetener — Reduced-calorie sweeteners including sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

Sugar Beet is a natural sweetener — Sugar source from Beta vulgaris

Sugar Beet Fiber is a thickener gum — Anticaking, binding, bulking, dietary supplement, thickener

sugar substitute

Sugar_Fat_Salt_Combination is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

sugars (simple carbohydrates)

Sulfites is a preservative — Preservatives, antioxidants, antibrowning additives

Sulfur Dioxide is a preservative — Bleaching, antioxidant, preservative, antibrowning

Sulfuric Acid is a acidulant — Acid for modifying starch and brewing pH control

Sunflower Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Sunflower Seed Oil is a other — Bland edible oil containing vitamin E

Oxygen-centered free radical.

Federal entitlement that provides electronic benefits used to purchase eligible foods, supporting nearly 40 million low-income Americans monthly.

Surfactants is a surfactant — Wetting additives that lower water's surface tension

sustainability (in food)

Seventeen UN goals adopted in 2015 to be achieved by 2030, including ending hunger, ensuring food security, and improving nutrition.

A mixture of live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host (ISAPP definition).

Generalized inflammatory state defined by abnormalities in temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and white blood cell count.

Talc is a anti caking — Anticaking additive in vitamin supplements, gum base, rice, spices

Tall Oil is a other — By-product of wood pulp industry; fungicide and cutting oil

Tallow, Beef is a other — Fat from cattle and sheep used in shortenings, gum, candies

Tangerine Oil is a flavoring — Oil expressed from tangerine peels

Five-stage scale describing physical sexual maturation during puberty, based on breast and pubic hair development in girls and genital and pubic hair development in boys.

Tannic Acid is a flavoring — Refining additive and astringent flavoring

Tapioca Starch is a thickener gum — Starch from cassava used for thickening

Tarragon is a flavoring — Aromatic herb Artemisia dracunculus

Tars is a flavoring — Dark viscous liquids from destructive distillation of wood/coal

Tartaric Acid is a acidulant — Acidity adjuster, sequestrant, and emulsifier

Tartrazine is a colorant — Bright orange-yellow coal-tar dye

Taurine is a amino acid — Amino acid added to infant soy formulas and feed

Tbhq is a antioxidant — Antioxidant containing petroleum-derived butane

Eight-step mitochondrial matrix cycle that completely oxidizes acetyl-CoA to two CO2 while generating 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP per cycle for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation.

Tea is a flavoring — Beverage leaves of Camellia sinensis

Tea Tree Oil is a flavoring — Essential oil used as germicide

temperature danger zone

Capable of causing birth defects in a fetus.

Testosterone Propionate is a veterinary drug — Steroid male hormone used to increase growth in cattle

Prolonged muscle contraction due to inadequate blood calcium.

Tetrachloroethylene is a solvent processing aid — Dry-cleaning solvent used in food packaging

Tetracycline is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic used in cattle, chickens, lambs, sheep, turkeys

Tetrasodium Edta is a preservative — Sequestering and chelating additive

Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate is a emulsifier — Cheese emulsifier and sequestering additive

Hereditary anemia from defective hemoglobin synthesis.

Thaumatin is a natural sweetener — Intensely sweet protein from West African plant

Theobroma Oil is a other — Solid fat from cacao bean used in confectionery

Theobromine is a other — Alkaloid from cocoa, cola, tea, chocolate

Production of heat within the body.

Regulatory mechanism that balances heat production and loss.

Thiabendazole is a pesticide residue — Mold retardant fungicide for fruits and animal feed

Thiamine Hydrochloride is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement and B1 enrichment

Active coenzyme form of thiamine that participates in α-ketoacid decarboxylation reactions (pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase) and transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway.

Thiodipropionic Acid is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in general food use

Thiourea is a antioxidant — Banned antioxidant

Threonine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid

Bioactive compounds derived from linoleic or α-linolenic acids.

Thyme is a flavoring — Aromatic herb used in sausage, soup, thyme flavorings

Thymol is a flavoring — Topical antifungal aromatic flavoring

Tilapia Red Dye is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Tin Compounds is a other — Trace element in fresh and canned foods

Titanium Dioxide is a colorant — White pigment for candy, gum, marker ink

Tocopherols is a antioxidant — Antioxidant for essential oils and fats

The highest average daily intake of a nutrient likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals in a specified life-stage group.

Toluene is a solvent processing aid — Water-purifying additive and food-processing solvent

Tomato Lycopene is a colorant — Carotenoid pigment with antioxidant activity

Tonka is a flavoring — Formerly used for coumarin extracts

Sum of dietary fiber plus functional fiber in a food.

Toxaphene is a pesticide residue — Chlorinated camphene insecticide

Trailblazer is a other — Microparticulated whey protein fat replacer

trans fat

Unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration, primarily from industrial partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils, with smaller amounts naturally from ruminant fat.

Rapid intestinal calcium absorption stimulated by the active form of vitamin D.

Synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template.

Proteins that bind specific DNA sites and alter transcription of nearby genes.

G-protein in the eye that responds to opsin changes and is involved in the visual cycle.

Enzymes that transfer a functional group from one substrate to another.

Plasma glycoprotein that binds two atoms of ferric iron and delivers iron to cells via transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Energy level at which reactant molecules have been activated and can undergo an exothermic reaction.

Process by which mRNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Movement of a compound or agent across a cell membrane.

Proteins that transport nutrients in blood or into and out of cells or organelles.

Trehalose is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Trenbolone is a veterinary drug — Synthetic anabolic steroid to feed cattle

Triacetin is a humectant — Solvent, fixative, humectant, plasticizer

Tribasic Calcium Phosphate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive and calcium supplement

Aerobic mitochondrial cycle that produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Trichlorethylene is a solvent processing aid — Solvent for decaffeinating coffee

Triethyl Citrate is a emulsifier — Sequestering additive in dried egg

Trigeminal_Nerve_Stimulants is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

triglyceride

Hepatic FMO3 oxidation product of microbiota-derived trimethylamine (TMA), itself derived from dietary choline, phosphatidylcholine, carnitine, and betaine, associated in observational studies with cardiovascular and renal outcomes.

Trisodium Phosphate is a emulsifier — Highly alkaline emulsifier in cheese

Apical, vitamin D-induced, calcium-selective channel that mediates the entry step of transcellular intestinal calcium absorption.

Tryptophan is a amino acid — Essential amino acid and serotonin precursor

Maximum amount of a substance reabsorbed by renal tubules per unit time.

Cytokine released by immune cells that causes tumor destruction and neutrophil migration.

Proinflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and adipocytes that activates NF-κB signaling, drives insulin resistance via serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and contributes to cachexia.

Turmeric is a colorant — Curry flavor and yellow coloring from Curcuma longa

Turmeric Oleoresin is a colorant — Flavor and color concentrate from turmeric

Turpentine is a flavoring — Pine resin used in spice flavorings for baked goods

Tylosin is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic for cattle, chicken, pigs, turkey

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency.

Diabetes characterized by insulin resistance with progressive beta-cell dysfunction; the most common form, accounting for 90 to 95% of cases.

Tyramine is a other — Derivative of tyrosine in many foods

Tyrosine is a amino acid — Nonessential amino acid for development and function

Alcohol form of ubiquinone; functions in electron transport and ATP generation.

Protein that attaches to other proteins to mark them for degradation.

NOVA classification category for industrial formulations made primarily from substances extracted from foods (oils, fats, sugars, starches, proteins) plus additives that have no or rare culinary use, with little to no whole food.