R.

Energy-dense (520 kcal/100 g), micronutrient-fortified, lipid-based paste used in community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, requiring no preparation or refrigeration.

Macromolecules that bind a signal molecule with high specificity to trigger intracellular events.

Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

The average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life-stage and sex group.

Potentially fatal shifts in fluid and electrolytes (especially hypophosphatemia) that occur when reintroducing nutrition to a severely malnourished patient.

refined grain

Refined White Flour is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Involuntary response to a stimulus.

Credentialed food and nutrition professional qualified to deliver medical nutrition therapy and apply the Nutrition Care Process.

Impaired physiological function caused by relative energy deficiency in athletes of any sex.

Nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients, focused on managing protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and fluid.

Rennet is a enzyme — Fungal-derived additive used to tenderize meat and make cheese

Resupply of an organ or tissue with oxygen, nutrients, or both.

Synthesis of a daughter duplex DNA molecule identical to the parental duplex.

Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine and is fermented by colonic microbiota, producing short-chain fatty acids and acting functionally as a fiber.

Ratio of CO2 expired to O2 consumed.

Energy expended at rest in a thermoneutral environment to maintain basic physiological functions, accounting for 60-75% of total daily energy expenditure in sedentary adults.

Nuclear receptor family (RARα, RARβ, RARγ) that, after binding all-trans retinoic acid, heterodimerizes with RXR and regulates transcription of genes controlling development, immunity, and epithelial differentiation.

Nuclear receptor activated by 9-cis retinoic acid that serves as an obligatory heterodimer partner for RAR, VDR, PPAR, TR, LXR, FXR, and others, making it a central hub of nutrient-sensitive transcription.

Unit expressing vitamin A activity in food, defined such that 1 μg RAE = 1 μg retinol = 12 μg dietary β-carotene = 24 μg of other provitamin A carotenoids.

Vitamin A-containing protein found in the eye.

Disorder of bone mineralization in children caused by vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency, characterized by growth plate widening, bowing of long bones, rachitic rosary, and craniotabes.

Calcium channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum that releases calcium.