P.

P-Cresol is a flavoring — Synthetic nut and vanilla flavoring from coal tar

P4000 is a artificial sweetener — Sweetener 4,000x sweeter than sugar (banned in US for potential toxic effects)

Packaging is a other — Food packaging materials regulated as food additives because of potential migration into food

Pah is a other — Group of chemicals (100+ combinations) often found together; environmental contaminants

Specialized care focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for patients with serious illness, at any stage.

Palm Oil is a other — Yellow-brown buttery edible solid; used as shortening, tallow substitute

Palmitic Acid is a flavoring — Fatty acid found in fats (chiefly palm oil); used in butter and cheese flavorings and processing fresh citrus

Pancreatin is a enzyme — Preparation of pancreatic hormones used to aid digestion of starches, fats, proteins

Pantothenic Acid is a nutrient vitamin — B-complex vitamin essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and other substances

Papain is a enzyme — Proteinase enzyme from papaya for meat tenderizing; clearing beverages; reducing cooking time in enriched farina

Paprika is a colorant — Strong reddish-orange powder from dried sweet pepper; sausage/spice flavoring and red coloring

Paprika Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Parabens is a preservative — Most commonly used preservatives in US; prevent growth of molds and yeasts

Paraffin Wax is a other — Defoaming component in yeast and sugar beet production; chewing-gum base; food coating

Paraquat is a pesticide residue — Defoliant and herbicide used in animal feed (goats, cattle, sheep, lambs)

Parathion is a pesticide residue — Organophosphate insecticide and acaricide

84-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by parathyroid chief cells in response to low ionized calcium that restores normocalcemia by mobilizing bone calcium, increasing renal calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion, and stimulating renal CYP27B1.

Functional cells of an organ, such as hepatocytes in the liver.

Intravenous delivery of complete macronutrient and micronutrient nutrition, indicated when enteral feeding is impossible, inadequate, or unsafe (severe SBS, ileus, intestinal failure, certain GI surgeries).

Sensation of burning, tingling, or pricking associated with peripheral nerve damage.

Partially Hydrogenated Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil is a other — Hydrogenated vegetable oil used in margarine, crackers, snack foods, baked goods (the source of trans fats)

pasteurization

Pea Starch is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Peanut Oil is a other — Greenish-yellow oil from peanuts; solvent in salad oil, shortening, mayonnaise, confections

Pectin is a thickener gum — Plant polysaccharide; stabilizer, jelling, and thickening additive

Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency syndrome characterized by the "three Ds": dermatitis (photosensitive, symmetric, in sun-exposed areas), diarrhea, and dementia, with death as the fourth D if untreated.

Pathway that metabolizes glucose-6-phosphate to pentose phosphate, producing NADPH.

Endoscopically placed feeding tube that delivers enteral nutrition directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall.

perinatal nutrition

Renal replacement therapy that uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter, instilling and draining dialysate via a catheter.

Organelles containing oxidative catabolic enzymes.

Radical that contains a peroxyl (-O-O-) group.

Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing oxidant formed by reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals.

Standardized nutrition diagnosis sentence with three components: Problem, Etiology, and Signs/Symptoms.

pescatarian

Skin discolorations caused by ruptured small blood vessels.

Endocytotic process in which material is engulfed into a cell.

Phenylalanine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid not synthesized by the body; required for growth

Phosphate is a emulsifier — Salt of phosphoric acid; emulsifier, texturizer, sequestrant in foods

Lipids containing phosphate and one or more fatty acid residues.

Phosphoric Acid is a acidulant — Colorless, odorless acid; sequestrant for fats/oils, acidulant and flavoring in soft drinks

Cleavage of a chemical bond with addition of phosphoric acid.

Metabolic process of adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

Phthalates is a other — Salts/esters of phthalic acid used as plasticizers in food packaging, inks, coatings

physical activity

Plant phosphate storage compound (inositol hexaphosphate) abundant in whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds that binds divalent cations (Fe2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and reduces their bioavailability.

Phytic Acid is a other — Plant compound used to chelate heavy metals, rust inhibitor, water treatment

Biologically active, non-nutritive substance found in plants.

Bioactive plant compounds, not classified as nutrients, with potential health effects beyond basic nutrition.

phytonutrient

Plant-derived sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) and their saturated stanols that competitively inhibit cholesterol absorption at the intestinal NPC1L1 transporter.

Side chain of vitamins E and K.

Uptake of fluid into a cell via vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Piperonyl Butoxide is a pesticide residue — Widely used insecticide synergist in animal feed, dried foods, cereal grain milling, packaging

Liquid portion of blood after removal of cells and platelets.

Phospholipid bilayer encapsulating a cell.

ATP-dependent calcium pump on the basolateral enterocyte membrane that exports calcium into blood during transcellular intestinal calcium absorption.

Plasticizers is a other — Substances that add flexibility to plastics; migrate from food packaging into food

Polyacrylamide is a thickener gum — White solid polymer of acrylamide; thickening additive, suspending additive, additive to adhesives

Polychlorinated Biphenyls is a other — Industrial chemicals; banned in 1979 in US

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds is a other — 100+ chemicals formed during incomplete burning of coal/oil/gas/garbage/tobacco/charbroiled meat

Common endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries.

Polydextrose is a other — Reduced-calorie bulking additive (Pfizer-developed); 1 cal/gram vs 4-9 for sugar/fat

Polyethylene Glycol is a humectant — Defoaming additive in beet sugar/yeast processing; resistance to moisture and oxidation

Polyols is a humectant — Alcohol compounds that absorb moisture; sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, etc.)

Polyoxyethylene Stearate is a emulsifier — Waxy solid formerly added to bread to make it 'feel fresh'

Large class (>8,000) of plant secondary metabolites with multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups, including flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones), phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans.

Polyphosphates is a preservative — Salts of phosphoric acid with multiple phosphate units; aid processing and improve eating quality of foods (especially meat and fish)

Long chains of monosaccharide units, often numbering hundreds or thousands.

Polysorbate 60 is a emulsifier — Waxy emulsifier (condensate of sorbitol with stearic acid); stabilizer, wetting and dispersing additive

Polysorbate 80 is a emulsifier — Viscous liquid emulsifier (condensate of sorbitol with oleic acid); stabilizer and humectant

Polysorbates is a emulsifier — Family of widely-used emulsifiers and stabilizers (polysorbate 20 through 85)

polyunsaturated fat

Polyvinyl Chloride is a other — Plastic resin used in food packaging and many consumer products

Pomegranate is a other — Royal fruit; rich source of antioxidants; juice in supplements

Ponceau Red is a colorant — Synthetic colorant used in foods

Poppy Seed is a flavoring — Natural flavoring for baked goods (5,600 ppm)

Nitrogen- and iron-containing nonprotein portion of hemoglobin.

portion

Preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host (ISAPP 2021 definition).

Occurring after a meal.

Major intracellular cation, critical for membrane potential, muscle and cardiac function, and counterion for sodium effects on blood pressure; AI is 3,400 mg/d adult men, 2,600 mg/d adult women.

Potassium Benzoate is a preservative — Preservative in margarine and wine

Potassium Bromate is a bleaching agent — Dough conditioner and bleaching agent used widely in commercial bread baking

Potassium Chloride is a nutrient mineral — Substitute for sodium chloride (table salt) in low-sodium dietary foods; yeast food in brewing

Potassium Cyclamate is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener (removed from GRAS list 1969)

Potassium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Strong alkali used as cocoa product alkalizer, peeling additive for fruits/tubers

Potassium Nitrate is a preservative — Color fixative in cured meats

Potassium Nitrite is a preservative — Cure for meats

Potassium Sorbate is a preservative — Mold and yeast inhibitor; fungistat in beverages, baked goods, dressings, dairy

Potato Starch is a thickener gum — Flour prepared from potatoes; swells in hot water to form gel

Substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (ISAPP definition).

Nondigestible food ingredients that promote growth or activity of health-promoting colonic bacteria.

Approach to dietary recommendations that integrates individual characteristics (genome, microbiome, metabolome, lifestyle, environment) to optimize health outcomes beyond one-size-fits-all guidelines.

Glycemic state between normal and diabetes, defined by IFG (FPG 100 to 125), IGT (2-hour OGTT 140 to 199), or A1C 5.7 to 6.4%.

Pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder typically after 20 weeks' gestation, with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction.

Occurring before a meal.

Preservatives is a preservative — About 100 'antispoilants' that retard or prevent food from going bad

Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (ISAPP/FAO definition).

Products containing live microorganisms in sufficient numbers to alter gut microflora for health benefit.

Processed_Cheese is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cells without a defined nucleus.

Ongoing generation of free radicals following initiation.

Substance or regimen that helps prevent disease or illness.

Propionate is a preservative — Approved preservative in bread and other flour products to inhibit mold

Propionic Acid is a preservative — Preservative and flavoring in bakery and cheese flavorings

Propyl Gallate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils; potato flakes, mashed potatoes, mayonnaise; pressure-sensitive adhesives on food labels

Propylene Glycol is a humectant — Clear, colorless, viscous liquid; humectant, emulsifier, antifreeze in breweries/dairy

Epidemiological study in which subjects are selected on baseline factors and followed for future outcomes.

Bioactive compounds derived from linoleic or α-linolenic acids.

Enzymes that digest proteins.

protein

protein foods group

Family of enzymes that transfer a phosphate from ATP to another protein.

ISRNM-defined syndrome of body store loss in chronic kidney disease characterized by serum chemistry abnormalities (low albumin, prealbumin), low body mass, reduced muscle mass, and reduced intake.

Large molecules of proteins and glycosaminoglycans.

Pertaining to the breakdown of protein.

Large-scale study of the proteome (expressed proteins) in cells, tissues, and biofluids, typically via mass spectrometry, including identification, quantification, and post-translational modification mapping.

Active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 that participates in over 150 enzymatic reactions, predominantly transaminations, decarboxylations, and one-carbon transfers in amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism.