C.

Acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to IL-6; biomarker of systemic inflammation.

Complex metabolic syndrome of unintentional weight loss with predominant muscle loss driven by an underlying chronic disease, characterized by anorexia, inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased protein breakdown.

Cadmium is a other — Metal contaminant in food, soil, water

caffeine

cage free

Vitamin D-induced intracellular calcium-binding protein that facilitates transcellular calcium absorption in the small intestine (9 kDa) and reabsorption in the kidney (28 kDa).

The hormonally active form of vitamin D, produced by renal CYP27B1-mediated 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, that binds the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis and many noncalcemic gene programs.

Most abundant mineral in the body (99% in bone and teeth), essential for skeletal mineralization, neuromuscular function, blood clotting (factor IV), and intracellular signaling.

Calcium Carbonate is a acidulant — Alkali to reduce acidity in wine (up to 2.5%), neutralizer for ice cream, firming additive

Calcium Chloride is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Calcium Disodium Edta is a preservative — Preservative and sequestrant to prevent crystal formation and retard color loss

Calcium Hypochlorite is a bleaching agent — Oxidizing and bleaching additive; algae killer, bactericide, deodorant, disinfectant, fungicide

Calcium Propionate is a preservative — Mold and rope inhibitor in breads, rolls, poultry stuffing; processed cheese

Calcium Sulfate is a other — Firming additive, yeast food, dough conditioner, jelling ingredient, carrier for bleaching

G protein-coupled receptor on parathyroid chief cells and renal tubule cells that detects extracellular ionized calcium and adjusts PTH secretion and renal calcium handling to maintain plasma calcium.

Reduction in energy intake (typically 15-40%) without malnutrition, shown across model organisms to extend lifespan and healthspan, with active human research (CALERIE) demonstrating cardiometabolic and possibly aging biomarker benefit.

calorie

Hospital-based observed record of all foods and fluids consumed, used to estimate inpatient energy and protein intake.

Calcium-dependent protease involved in protein turnover.

Camphor Oil is a flavoring — Spice flavoring; embalming fluid; lacquers; moth repellent; topical liniments

Multifactorial syndrome of involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, and inflammation specific to cancer, even with adequate intake.

Canola Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Canthaxanthin is a colorant — Coloring

Capsaicin is a flavoring — Natural spice and ginger ale flavoring (from capsicum/red pepper)

Capsicum Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Captan is a pesticide residue — Fungicide on almonds, animal feed, apples, fruits and vegetables; seed treatment

Caramel is a colorant — Most widely used food coloring; burnt sugar with bitter taste

Caraway Seed And Oil is a flavoring — Spice and liquor flavoring; flavoring for cheese, sausage, kümmel, rye

Carbadox is a veterinary drug — Antibacterial used in animal feed for swine to treat dysentery

Carbaryl is a pesticide residue — Pesticide on corn, vegetables, fruits, pineapples

carbohydrate

MNT strategy for diabetes that matches insulin dose or oral medication to grams of carbohydrate consumed per meal.

Carbon Black is a colorant — Black coloring in confectionery (historically)

Carbon Dioxide is a gas packaging — Pressure-dispensing additive in gassed creams; carbonation of beverages; dry ice refrigeration

Carbon Disulfide is a solvent processing aid — Fumigant for cereal grains

Carbon_Dioxide_Carbonation is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Carbonyl Iron is a colorant — Coloring; iron processed with carbon and oxygen

Carbophenothion is a pesticide residue — Pesticide used on citrus meal fed to cattle

Carboxine is a pesticide residue — Fungicide used on barley, beans, corn, oats, peanut hulls, rice, sorghum, wheat for animal feeds

Addition of a carboxyl group to a molecule.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose is a stabilizer — Stabilizer for cheeses, frozen desserts, dressings, foods and flavorings

Carboxymethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose is a emulsifier — Binder and emulsifier

Carboxymethylcellulose is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cardamom Oil is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from dried ripe seeds; aromatic additive

Group of interrelated diseases including atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and heart failure.

Carmine is a colorant — Crimson pigment derived from scale insects; coloring for red applesauce, confections, baked goods, meats, spices

Carminic Acid is a colorant — Red coloring matter from a scaly insect

Carnauba Wax is a other — Candy glaze and polish; from leaves of Brazilian wax palm

Quaternary amine synthesized from lysine and methionine that, as part of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase shuttle, transports long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for β-oxidation.

Carob Bean is a emulsifier — Emulsifier; ancient Egyptian sweetener; low-fat, low-sodium, high-fiber source from carob pods

Carob Bean Gum is a thickener gum — Essential oil and emulsifier; thickening agent

Family of >700 lipid-soluble plant pigments (yellow, orange, red), about 50 of which have provitamin A activity, including β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

Carrageenan is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and emulsifier from Irish moss; used in chocolate products, milk, evaporated milk, ice cream, sherbets, dressings, jams

Carrot Fiber is a thickener gum — Texturizer in baked goods; binder/extender in meat and poultry products

Carrot Oil is a flavoring — Essential oil flavoring and coloring; rich in vitamin A

Carvacrol is a flavoring — Synthetic citrus, fruit, mint, spice flavoring; disinfectant

Carvone is a flavoring — Synthetic liquor, mint, spice flavoring; stimulant

Cascara, Bitterless Extract is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from dried bark; laxative

Cascarilla Bark is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from bark; emulsifier

Casein is a stabilizer — Principal protein of cow's milk; texturizer

Family of cysteine proteases involved in the degradative events during apoptosis.

Cassava Flour is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cassia Absolute is a flavoring — Natural flavoring extract from cultivated trees

Cassia Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring; obtained from tropical Asian tree

Castor Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring; antisticking additive; component of protective coatings, drying oil, releasing agents

Castoreum Extract is a flavoring — Fixative from dried perineal glands of beaver

Process by which organic molecules are broken down.

Catalase is a enzyme — Enzyme from bovine liver used in milk, cheese making, elimination of peroxide

Catechu Extract is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from heartwood of Acacia catechu; astringent

Group of enzymes involved in breaking down or digesting body proteins.

Caustic Sulfite Caramel is a colorant — Caramel coloring manufactured by heating sugars with a sulfite plant

Cedar is a flavoring — Flavoring oil from cedar leaves and branches

Ceftiofur is a veterinary drug — Cephalosporin antibiotic used in beef

Celery Seed is a flavoring — Flavoring from dried ripe fruit of celery plant

Chronic immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine triggered by dietary gluten (wheat, rye, barley) in genetically susceptible (HLA-DQ2/DQ8) individuals, characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia.

Cellulase Enzyme is a enzyme — Enzyme for removal of visceral mass in clam processing and casings from shrimp

Cellulose is a thickener gum — Chief constituent of plant fiber; basic material for cellulose gums

Cellulose Acetate is a other — Used in packaging; adhesives, films, synthetic fiber

Cellulose Gums is a thickener gum — Synthetic gum used as stabilizing additive in ice cream, beverages, other foods

Simplest sphingolipid containing no attached group at the terminal hydroxyl.

Sphingolipids containing a single galactose or glucose unit at the terminal hydroxyl.

Copper-containing α2-globulin synthesized in the liver that carries ~90% of plasma copper and functions as a ferroxidase, oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ for transferrin binding.

Cetyl Alcohol is a emulsifier — Emollient and emulsion stabilizer

Cetylpyridinium Chloride is a preservative — Antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound used in commercial raw poultry processing

Chaconine is a other — Alkaloid in plants of Solanaceae family (potatoes, tomatoes)

Chamomile is a flavoring — Flavoring from daisylike flowers; coloring known as apigenin

Soluble intracellular proteins that bind and deliver minerals or vitamins to specific intracellular locations.

Charcoal is a colorant — Formerly used as a black coloring

Cheese_As_Ingredient is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cheese_Food_Product is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Chelating Additive is a other — Compound that binds and precipitates metals

Small organic compounds that form a complex with another compound, such as a mineral.

Theory that most ATP synthesis occurs as protons move down an electrochemical gradient, with the energy used to phosphorylate ADP.

Cherry Laurel Leaves is a flavoring — Flavoring

Cherry Pit Oil is a flavoring — Natural flavoring extracted from pits of sweet and sour cherries

Chervil is a flavoring — Natural flavoring; chewing-gum base

Chicle is a other — Gummy resin from trees; chewing gum base

Chicory Extract is a flavoring — Natural flavor extract; blending with coffee

Chili is a flavoring — Dried pod of capsicum/red pepper

Carbon atom with four different atoms or groups covalently attached.

Chirata Herb Extract is a flavoring — Flavoring used in alcoholic beverages only

Chives is a flavoring — Flavoring from member of amaryllis family related to onion

Chloramphenicol is a veterinary drug — Antibiotic no longer permitted in food-producing animals

Chlordane is a pesticide residue — Organochlorine pesticide introduced in 1945

Chlorine is a preservative — Used in water disinfection, manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, sanitizing fresh produce

Chlorine Dioxide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching of flour and disinfection of municipal drinking water; antimicrobial in poultry processing

Chloroacetic Acid is a preservative — Used in packaging adhesives and as a preservative

Chlorofluorocarbons is a gas packaging — Cooling/freezing chickens (limited remaining use)

Chloroform is a solvent processing aid — Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins; cleansing ingredient

Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide residue — Insecticide and acaricide on corn and other vegetables

Chlortetracycline is a veterinary drug — Preservative; antibiotic used in dip and feed to improve feed efficiency

Cholecalciferol is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement and nutrient

cholesterol (dietary)

Quaternary amine and essential nutrient required for phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin synthesis, acetylcholine neurotransmission, and as a methyl donor (via betaine) in one-carbon metabolism.

Choline Bitartrate is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement; B complex

Choline Chloride is a nutrient vitamin — Dietary supplement

Chromium is a nutrient mineral — Trace mineral involved in breakdown of sugar and manufacture of fats

A DRI category introduced for nutrients where intake reduction is causally linked to lower chronic disease risk independent of effects on classical deficiency, first applied to sodium with a 2,300 mg/day adult value.

Sustained decline in kidney function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or markers of damage for >3 months), staged 1-5 by eGFR, with nutritional management central to slowing progression and managing comorbidities.

Largest, lowest-density lipoprotein particles, synthesized by intestinal enterocytes to transport dietary triglycerides and fat-soluble vitamins from gut to peripheral tissues and liver.

Portion of a chylomicron left after blood lipoprotein lipase removes part of its triglycerides.

Partially digested food.

Chymosin is a enzyme — Enzyme from calf stomach; stabilizer and thickener

Cinchona Extract is a flavoring — Bark extract from cinchona; source of quinine

Cinnamaldehyde is a flavoring — Synthetic cinnamon flavoring

Cinnamic Acid is a flavoring — Cherry, honey, spice, cassia, cinnamon flavoring

Cinnamic Alcohol is a flavoring — Fragrance ingredient; common allergen

Cinnamon is a flavoring — Spice flavoring from dried bark

Cinnamon Bark is a flavoring — Extract and oil from cinnamon tree bark

Cinnamon Leaf Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil from leaves/twigs of cinnamon tree

Cinnamyl Acetate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with sweet floral odor

Cinnamyl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with balsamic odor

Cinnamyl Anthranilate is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring additive banned by FDA

End-stage liver disease characterized by fibrosis and nodular regeneration that distort liver architecture.

Citral is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring; used in synthesis of vitamin A

Citric Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant; widely used in cosmetics, flavorings, juices, wines, jams, candies

Citronella Oil is a flavoring — Natural food flavoring extract from grass

Non-protein amino acid produced by enterocytes from glutamine and proline, exported to kidney, and converted to arginine, providing the most reliable route to elevate systemic arginine.

Citrus Red No. 2 is a colorant — Coloring for orange skins only (Florida oranges)

Civet, Absolute is a flavoring — Essential oil from civet cat glands; fixative in perfumery

Clary is a flavoring — Spice flavoring; fixative for perfumes

Clove Bud Extract is a flavoring — Reddish brown dried flower buds; dental analgesic and germicide

Clove Bud Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil from clove flower buds; antiseptic and flavoring

Cloves is a flavoring — Evergreen tree buds used as spice

Cloxacillin is a veterinary drug — Penicillin antibiotic used in cattle

Coal Tar is a other — Used in adhesives, food preservation, synthetic flavors and dyes

Cobalt-containing corrinoid vitamin (B12) that, as methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin, serves as cofactor for methionine synthase (cytoplasm) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (mitochondria).

Cobalt Salts is a other — Formerly added to beer for head maintenance

Coca Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Coca Leaf Extract (Decocainized) is a flavoring — Flavoring from dried leaves of cocaine-containing plants

Cochineal is a colorant — Deep crimson dye from female cochineal insects

Cocoa is a flavoring — Powder from roasted kernels of Theobroma cacao

Cocoa Mass is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Coconut Oil is a other — White semisolid saturated fat from coconut meat

Three-base sequence in DNA or mRNA that specifies a single amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

Coffee is a flavoring — Dry unroasted seeds; essential oil flavoring

Structured, time-limited psychotherapy that targets the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Group of individuals that share common characteristics.

Reference criteria (e.g., DRIs, ideal body weight, BMI cutoffs) against which assessment data are compared to identify nutrition problems.

Pairing of nucleotide bases in two strands of nucleic acids; A with T or U, G with C.

complementary feeding

Protein containing all essential (indispensable) amino acids in approximate amounts needed by humans.

Subcutaneous interstitial glucose sensors that provide near-continuous (every 1-5 min) glucose readings, used clinically in diabetes management and increasingly in research and consumer wellness.

Copper is a nutrient mineral — Essential trace element; constituent of enzymes

Copper Gluconate is a nutrient mineral — Essential nutrient; feed additive, dietary supplement, mouth deodorant

Copper Salts is a nutrient mineral — Nutrient supplements in animal feed

Pathway in which muscle/RBC lactate travels to liver, is converted to glucose, and returns to peripheral tissues.

Coriander Oil is a flavoring — Volatile oil from dried ripe coriander fruit

Corn is a other — Used in maple, nut, root beer flavorings; many food products

Corn Endosperm Oil is a colorant — Coloring in chicken feed to enhance yellow color of chicken skin and eggs

Corn Gluten is a other — Nutrient supplement

Corn Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Corn Syrup is a natural sweetener — Sweetener used in maple, nut, root beer flavorings and many products

Corn_Starch is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cornstarch is a thickener gum — Anti-sticking agent for containers; demulcent

Cottonseed Flour is a colorant — Cooked, partly defatted, toasted flour for pale yellow coloring

Cottonseed Oil is a other — Fixed oil from cottonseed plant

Coumaphos is a pesticide residue — Insecticide and antiworm agent in cattle and chicken feed

Coumarin is a flavoring — Fragrant ingredient of tonka beans, sweet woodruff, cramp bark

Infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, with manifestations from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and multi-system disease.

Coz Corn Oil (Distillers Corn Oil) is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cranberry Juice Concentrate is a colorant — Bright red natural coloring from cranberry juice

Cream Of Tartar is a thickener gum — Thickening additive; crystalline salt from wine making or tartaric acid

Cream_Cheese is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

cross-contamination

Longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments, usually in random order.

Crufomate is a pesticide residue — Antiworm insecticide from petroleum used on cattle, goats, sheep

Cryolite Sodium Aluminum Fluoride is a pesticide residue — Fluorine compound mineral used as insecticide

Crystal_Light_Artificial_Sweeteners is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Crystalline Fructose is a natural sweetener — Sweetener used in baked goods, frozen foods, beverages, tabletop sweeteners

Cubebs is a flavoring — Spice flavoring from unripe fruit of perennial vine

Ability of providers to deliver care that meets the cultural, linguistic, and social needs of diverse patients.

Cumin is a flavoring — Natural flavoring from seeds of Old World plant

Curcumin is a colorant — Orange-yellow colorant from turmeric

Cyanamide is a preservative — Fumigant for uncooked bacon, cereal flours, cocoa, uncooked ham/sausage

Cyanide is a other — Fungistat, insecticide, rodenticide

Cyclamate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Cyclamates is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener about 30x sweeter than sugar

Cyclodextrins is a other — Enzymatically modified starches used as carriers for food additives

Cyclohexane is a solvent processing aid — Solvent used to dilute colors in food

Cysteine is a amino acid — Essential amino acid; dough strengthener

Heme-containing proteins that serve as electron carriers.

Small signaling proteins (e.g., interleukins, TNF, interferons) that regulate immune and inflammatory responses.

Microtubules and microfilaments that provide internal reinforcement and communication within a cell.

Continuous aqueous solution of the cell and the organelles contained in it.