131 entries
- Abietic Acid
Abietic Acid is a other — Texturizer in soap making; carrier for nutrients added to enriched rice
- AcaciaUPF
Acacia is a thickener gum — Emulsifier, flavoring additive, processing aid, stabilizer, thickener
- Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
DRI ranges expressed as percent of energy that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing essential nutrients: 45-65% carbohydrate, 20-35% fat, 10-35% protein for adults.
- Acenaphthene
Acenaphthene is a other — Dye intermediate (coal tar derivative) in pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plastics
- Acephate
Acephate is a pesticide residue — Contact and systemic pesticide on growing crops
- AcerolaUPF
Acerola is a antioxidant — Antioxidant; natural source of vitamin C
- Acesulfame KUPF
Acesulfame K is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener about 200x sweeter than sugar
- AcetalUPF
Acetal is a flavoring — Used in fruit flavorings; nutlike aftertaste; medicinal hypnotic
- AcetaldehydeUPF
Acetaldehyde is a flavoring — Solvent; flavoring
- AcetamideUPF
Acetamide is a flavoring — Flavoring agent
- Acetic AcidUPF
Acetic Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant; solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils; styptic
- Acetic AnhydrideUPF
Acetic Anhydride is a solvent processing aid — Dehydrating and acetylating additive; modifies starch
- AcetoinUPF
Acetoin is a flavoring — Flavoring additive and aroma; raspberry, strawberry, butter, cream, cheese flavors
- AcetoneUPF
Acetone is a solvent processing aid — Flavoring additive and solvent for spices residual in foods
- Acetone PeroxideUPF
Acetone Peroxide is a bleaching agent — Maturing additive for bleaching flour and dough; oxidizer
- AcetophenoneUPF
Acetophenone is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with bitter almond odor; strawberry, floral, fruit, cherry, almond, walnut, tobacco, vanilla, tonka bean flavorings
- Acetylamino-5-Nitrothiazole
Acetylamino-5-Nitrothiazole is a veterinary drug — Animal drug used in turkeys
- Acetylated MonoglyceridesUPF
Acetylated Monoglycerides is a emulsifier — Coating additive, emulsifier, lubricant, solvent, texture-modifying additive
- Acetylated StarchUPF
Acetylated Starch is a thickener gum — Modified starch with improved digestibility
- Achlorhydria
Lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.
- Aconitic AcidUPF
Aconitic Acid is a flavoring — Flavoring additive in fruit, brandy, rum flavorings
- Acrolein
Acrolein is a other — By-product of petroleum oxidation during cooking; food contaminant
- Acrylamide
Acrylamide is a other — Industrial chemical produced naturally in cooked foods; used in water treatment and food processing
- Activated CharcoalUPF
Activated Charcoal is a solvent processing aid — Removes impurities causing undesirable color, taste, or odor in liquids
- Activation energy
Energy introduced into reactant molecules to activate them to the transition state so an exothermic reaction can take place.
- Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt decline in kidney function over hours to days, evidenced by rising creatinine or decreased urine output.
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Severe inflammatory lung injury causing hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates, and refractory respiratory failure.
- added sugars
added sugars
- Adenosine 5'-Monophosphoric AcidUPF
Adenosine 5'-Monophosphoric Acid is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer in chewing gum, coffee, tea, snacks, soups, sugar/salt substitutes
- Adequate Intake (AI)
A recommended average daily intake based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake by healthy people, used when an EAR cannot be established.
- ADIME
Documentation format mirroring the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process.
- Adipic AcidUPF
Adipic Acid is a acidulant — Buffering and neutralizing additive; flavoring; smooth tart taste
- Advance Directives
Legal documents in which a person specifies preferences for future medical care, including artificial nutrition and hydration.
- Advanced Glycation End Products
Advanced Glycation End Products is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.
- Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin is a other — Mold contaminant of corn, peanuts, tree nuts, dried figs
- Agar-AgarUPF
Agar-Agar is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and thickener; gelatin substitute
- Agave Nectar
Agave Nectar is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Progressive degenerative disease of the central retina (macula) and leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults, with dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular) forms.
- Alanine
Alanine is a amino acid — Nonessential amino acid; flavor enhancer at 1% for pickling spice; dietary supplement
- Albumin
Major serum protein synthesized by the liver; historically used as a nutrition marker but now recognized as primarily an inflammation marker.
- alcohol (in moderation)
alcohol (in moderation)
- Aldrin
Aldrin is a pesticide residue — Pesticide
- AlfalfaUPF
Alfalfa is a flavoring — Natural cola, liquor, and maple flavoring
- AlginUPF
Algin is a stabilizer — Stabilizer in cheeses, frozen desserts, soda water, jellies, preserves
- Alginate
Alginate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.
- AlginatesUPF
Alginates is a stabilizer — Stabilizers and water retainers; clarifying additive for wine
- Alginic AcidUPF
Alginic Acid is a stabilizer — Stabilizer in ice cream, frozen custard, ice milk, fruit, sherbet, beverages, icings, cheeses, salad dressings; defoaming additive
- AlitameUPF
Alitame is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener candidate; 2000x sweetness of sugar; no calories
- Alkaloid
Alkaloid is a other — Group of nitrogenous compounds from plants
- Alkalosis
Condition in which blood pH is higher than approximately 7.45.
- Alkanet RootUPF
Alkanet Root is a colorant — Red coloring for wines, inks, sausage casings
- Alkoxyl radical
Monovalent radical consisting of an alkyl group united with oxygen.
- Allele
Copy of a particular gene inherited from a parent.
- AllspiceUPF
Allspice is a flavoring — Natural flavoring in sausage, meat, spice, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, eggnog flavorings
- Allyl IsothiocyanateUPF
Allyl Isothiocyanate is a flavoring — Flavoring in mustard, horseradish, onion; antimicrobial agent in packaged foods
- Allyl IsovalerateUPF
Allyl Isovalerate is a flavoring — Flavoring derived from valeric acid
- Allyl SulfideUPF
Allyl Sulfide is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit and grape flavoring; occurs naturally in garlic and horseradish
- Almond Oil, BitterUPF
Almond Oil, Bitter is a flavoring — Cherry and almond flavoring; emulsifier in liqueurs and perfumes
- Aloe VeraUPF
Aloe Vera is a flavoring — Flavoring in bitters, vermouth, spice flavorings for beverages and alcoholic drinks
- Alum
Alum is a other — Styptic; hardens gelatin; used in packaging
- Aluminum
Aluminum is a other — Frequently used in food additives
- Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate
Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate is a other — Purifying drinking water; baking powders; buffer; neutralizing in milling/cereal industries
- Aluminum Calcium SilicateUPF
Aluminum Calcium Silicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive (up to 2% of table salt); vanilla powder
- Aluminum Sulfate
Aluminum Sulfate is a other — Modifier for starch; used in sweet and dill pickles, packaging, pickle relish, potatoes, shrimp packages
- AmaranthUPF
Amaranth is a colorant — Red coloring (banned in US)
- Amenorrhea
Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.
- Ammonia_processing_aid
Ammonia_Processing_Aid is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.
- Ammonium ChlorideUPF
Ammonium Chloride is a dough conditioner — Dough conditioner and yeast food in bread, rolls, buns
- Ammonium HydroxideUPF
Ammonium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Buffer and neutralizer in cocoa products and animal feeds
- Ammonium PersulfateUPF
Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent — Oxidizer, bleacher, modifier for food starches
- Ammonium SaccharinUPF
Ammonium Saccharin is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener
- Amoxicillin Trihydrate
Amoxicillin Trihydrate is a veterinary drug — Animal antibiotic used in meat and milk
- Amphibolic pathway
Pathway involved in both catabolism and biosynthesis of carbohydrates, fatty acids, or amino acids.
- Amphipathic
Molecule with a polar (hydrophilic) region at one location and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) region at another.
- Amphoteric
Capable of reacting as either an acid or a base.
- AMPK
Cellular energy sensor activated by rising AMP:ATP ratio that switches metabolism toward catabolism (fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, autophagy) and away from anabolism (lipogenesis, protein synthesis).
- Amyl AcetateUPF
Amyl Acetate is a flavoring — Artificial fruit essence; flavoring
- Amyl AlcoholUPF
Amyl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic berry, chocolate, fruit, liquor, rum flavoring; nail polish solvent
- Amylase (bacterial)
Amylase (Bacterial) is a enzyme — Antibacterial enzyme from various fungi
- Anaphylaxis
Severe, rapid-onset, multi-system allergic reaction that can cause airway compromise, hypotension, and death.
- Anaplerotic reaction
Reaction that replenishes or restores a substrate, e.g., conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
- Android obesity
Excess body fat that accumulates centrally around the trunk.
- Anemia
Reduction in red blood cell mass or hemoglobin below normal for age and sex.
- Anemia of Chronic Inflammation
Hypoproliferative, normocytic, normochromic anemia caused by IL-6-driven hepcidin elevation that restricts iron release from macrophages and intestinal absorption, sequestering iron away from erythropoiesis.
- AnetholeUPF
Anethole is a flavoring — Flavoring (fruit, honey, licorice, anise, liquor, mint, root beer, sarsaparilla, spice, vanilla, wintergreen, birch beer)
- Aniline
Aniline is a other — Parent substance for many dyes and drugs; rubber accelerator; antioxidant
- AniseUPF
Anise is a flavoring — Flavoring in licorice, anise, pepperoni sausage, spice, vanilla flavorings
- AnnattoUPF
Annatto is a colorant — Yellow-pink natural vegetable dye and spice flavoring
- Anomeric carbon
Carbon comprising the carbonyl function that can form a ring with the highest-numbered chiral carbon's hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide.
- Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder defined by persistent energy restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbance in self-perceived body weight/shape.
- Anorexia of Aging
Age-related decline in food intake driven by altered taste/smell, delayed gastric emptying, increased postprandial satiety hormones (CCK, PYY), reduced ghrelin response, and social factors.
- Anorexigenic
Capable of producing anorexia or diminishing appetite.
- Anthracene
Anthracene is a other — Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- Anthropometry
Measurement of body size, composition, and proportions used to assess nutritional status.
- Antibiotic Residues
Antibiotic Residues is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.
- Antibiotics
Antibiotics is a veterinary drug — Growth promotion and feed efficiency in animals
- Anticodons
Three-base sequences of nucleotides within transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules.
- Antiinflammatory Diet
Dietary pattern emphasizing foods that reduce systemic inflammation, modeled on the Mediterranean diet with added focus on omega-3s and polyphenols.
- antioxidant
antioxidant
- Antral
Pertaining to the antrum, the lower or distal portion of the stomach.
- Apical
At or near the apex; pertaining to the intestinal lumen side of an enterocyte.
- APOE Genotype
Polymorphic apolipoprotein gene (ε2/ε3/ε4 alleles) that modulates lipoprotein metabolism, plasma cholesterol response to dietary fat, and Alzheimer disease risk.
- Apolipoprotein
Protein component of a lipoprotein particle.
- Apoptosis
Organized series of events that, once triggered, leads to cell death.
- Apple ExtractUPF
Apple Extract is a antioxidant — Reduces formation of gene-toxic heterocyclic amines in cooked meat
- Arachidonic Acid
20-carbon omega-6 PUFA (20:4n-6) derived from linoleic acid and the principal substrate for prostaglandin (PGE2, PGI2), thromboxane (TXA2), and leukotriene (LTB4) synthesis via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.
- Arcuate nucleus
Subcortical brain region that secretes appetite-enhancing neuropeptide Y and appetite-suppressing melanocortins.
- AREDS / AREDS2
Landmark NIH trials demonstrating that a specific antioxidant and zinc formulation slows progression of intermediate to advanced age-related macular degeneration.
- Arginine
Conditionally essential amino acid that is precursor for nitric oxide (via NOS), urea, creatine, polyamines, and proline, with semi-essential status in growth, pregnancy, trauma, and sepsis.
- Aromatic compound
Organic compound that contains a benzene ring.
- Arsenic
Arsenic is a veterinary drug — Animal drug to promote growth in poultry and swine
- Artificial
Artificial is a other — Term for substance not duplicated in nature
- Ascorbic AcidUPF
Ascorbic Acid is a antioxidant — Preservative and antioxidant; vitamin
- Ascorbyl PalmitateUPF
Ascorbyl Palmitate is a antioxidant — Preservative and antioxidant for candy; prevents rancidity and browning of cut fruit
- AspartameUPF
Aspartame is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener; about 200x sweeter than sugar
- AstaxanthinUPF
Astaxanthin is a colorant — Pink/red pigment in salmonid fish flesh; carotenoid
- Ataxia
Impaired muscle coordination, especially during voluntary movement.
- Atheroma
Mass of plaque consisting of degenerated, thickened arterial intima.
- Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Narrowing of arteries by atherosclerotic plaque, leading to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
- Atrazine
Atrazine is a pesticide residue — Most commonly used herbicide in US on maize, sorghum, sugarcane
- Autolysis
Digestion of intracellular components (including organelles) by lysosomes.
- Autolyzed_yeast_extract
Autolyzed_Yeast_Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.
- Autophagy
Breakdown or digestion of body proteins, such as those found in blood or within cells.
- Autosomal dominant
Inheritance pattern of a gene on a non-sex chromosome in which only one copy of the gene is needed to express the trait.
- Avermectin B And Delta
Avermectin B And Delta is a veterinary drug — Broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antibiotic on dried citrus pulp and cottonseeds
- Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
DSM-5 eating disorder characterized by avoidance or restriction of food based on sensory characteristics, fear of aversive consequences (e.g., choking), or lack of interest in eating, leading to nutritional and/or psychosocial impairment without body image disturbance.
- Azinphos Methyl
Azinphos Methyl is a pesticide residue — Insecticide
- Azo DyesUPF
Azo Dyes is a colorant — Large category of food and cosmetic colorings
- AzodicarbonamideUPF
Azodicarbonamide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching and maturing additive for flour (up to 45 ppm)
- AzorubineUPF
Azorubine is a colorant — Red food coloring