A.

Abietic Acid is a other — Texturizer in soap making; carrier for nutrients added to enriched rice

Acacia is a thickener gum — Emulsifier, flavoring additive, processing aid, stabilizer, thickener

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

DRI ranges expressed as percent of energy that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing essential nutrients: 45-65% carbohydrate, 20-35% fat, 10-35% protein for adults.

Acenaphthene is a other — Dye intermediate (coal tar derivative) in pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plastics

Acephate is a pesticide residue — Contact and systemic pesticide on growing crops

Acerola is a antioxidant — Antioxidant; natural source of vitamin C

Acesulfame K is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener about 200x sweeter than sugar

Acetal is a flavoring — Used in fruit flavorings; nutlike aftertaste; medicinal hypnotic

Acetaldehyde is a flavoring — Solvent; flavoring

Acetamide is a flavoring — Flavoring agent

Acetic Acid is a acidulant — Acidulant; solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils; styptic

Acetic Anhydride is a solvent processing aid — Dehydrating and acetylating additive; modifies starch

Acetoin is a flavoring — Flavoring additive and aroma; raspberry, strawberry, butter, cream, cheese flavors

Acetone is a solvent processing aid — Flavoring additive and solvent for spices residual in foods

Acetone Peroxide is a bleaching agent — Maturing additive for bleaching flour and dough; oxidizer

Acetophenone is a flavoring — Synthetic flavoring with bitter almond odor; strawberry, floral, fruit, cherry, almond, walnut, tobacco, vanilla, tonka bean flavorings

Acetylamino-5-Nitrothiazole is a veterinary drug — Animal drug used in turkeys

Acetylated Monoglycerides is a emulsifier — Coating additive, emulsifier, lubricant, solvent, texture-modifying additive

Acetylated Starch is a thickener gum — Modified starch with improved digestibility

Lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

Aconitic Acid is a flavoring — Flavoring additive in fruit, brandy, rum flavorings

Acrolein is a other — By-product of petroleum oxidation during cooking; food contaminant

Acrylamide is a other — Industrial chemical produced naturally in cooked foods; used in water treatment and food processing

Activated Charcoal is a solvent processing aid — Removes impurities causing undesirable color, taste, or odor in liquids

Energy introduced into reactant molecules to activate them to the transition state so an exothermic reaction can take place.

Abrupt decline in kidney function over hours to days, evidenced by rising creatinine or decreased urine output.

Severe inflammatory lung injury causing hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates, and refractory respiratory failure.

added sugars

Adenosine 5'-Monophosphoric Acid is a flavor enhancer — Flavor enhancer in chewing gum, coffee, tea, snacks, soups, sugar/salt substitutes

A recommended average daily intake based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake by healthy people, used when an EAR cannot be established.

Documentation format mirroring the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process.

Adipic Acid is a acidulant — Buffering and neutralizing additive; flavoring; smooth tart taste

Legal documents in which a person specifies preferences for future medical care, including artificial nutrition and hydration.

Advanced Glycation End Products is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Aflatoxin is a other — Mold contaminant of corn, peanuts, tree nuts, dried figs

Agar-Agar is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and thickener; gelatin substitute

Agave Nectar is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Progressive degenerative disease of the central retina (macula) and leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults, with dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular) forms.

Alanine is a amino acid — Nonessential amino acid; flavor enhancer at 1% for pickling spice; dietary supplement

Major serum protein synthesized by the liver; historically used as a nutrition marker but now recognized as primarily an inflammation marker.

alcohol (in moderation)

Aldrin is a pesticide residue — Pesticide

Alfalfa is a flavoring — Natural cola, liquor, and maple flavoring

Algin is a stabilizer — Stabilizer in cheeses, frozen desserts, soda water, jellies, preserves

Alginate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Alginates is a stabilizer — Stabilizers and water retainers; clarifying additive for wine

Alginic Acid is a stabilizer — Stabilizer in ice cream, frozen custard, ice milk, fruit, sherbet, beverages, icings, cheeses, salad dressings; defoaming additive

Alitame is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener candidate; 2000x sweetness of sugar; no calories

Alkaloid is a other — Group of nitrogenous compounds from plants

Condition in which blood pH is higher than approximately 7.45.

Alkanet Root is a colorant — Red coloring for wines, inks, sausage casings

Monovalent radical consisting of an alkyl group united with oxygen.

Copy of a particular gene inherited from a parent.

Allspice is a flavoring — Natural flavoring in sausage, meat, spice, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, eggnog flavorings

Allyl Isothiocyanate is a flavoring — Flavoring in mustard, horseradish, onion; antimicrobial agent in packaged foods

Allyl Isovalerate is a flavoring — Flavoring derived from valeric acid

Allyl Sulfide is a flavoring — Synthetic fruit and grape flavoring; occurs naturally in garlic and horseradish

Almond Oil, Bitter is a flavoring — Cherry and almond flavoring; emulsifier in liqueurs and perfumes

Aloe Vera is a flavoring — Flavoring in bitters, vermouth, spice flavorings for beverages and alcoholic drinks

Alum is a other — Styptic; hardens gelatin; used in packaging

Aluminum is a other — Frequently used in food additives

Aluminum Ammonium Sulfate is a other — Purifying drinking water; baking powders; buffer; neutralizing in milling/cereal industries

Aluminum Calcium Silicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive (up to 2% of table salt); vanilla powder

Aluminum Sulfate is a other — Modifier for starch; used in sweet and dill pickles, packaging, pickle relish, potatoes, shrimp packages

Amaranth is a colorant — Red coloring (banned in US)

Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.

Ammonia_Processing_Aid is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Ammonium Chloride is a dough conditioner — Dough conditioner and yeast food in bread, rolls, buns

Ammonium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Buffer and neutralizer in cocoa products and animal feeds

Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent — Oxidizer, bleacher, modifier for food starches

Ammonium Saccharin is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener

Amoxicillin Trihydrate is a veterinary drug — Animal antibiotic used in meat and milk

Pathway involved in both catabolism and biosynthesis of carbohydrates, fatty acids, or amino acids.

Molecule with a polar (hydrophilic) region at one location and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) region at another.

Capable of reacting as either an acid or a base.

Cellular energy sensor activated by rising AMP:ATP ratio that switches metabolism toward catabolism (fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, autophagy) and away from anabolism (lipogenesis, protein synthesis).

Amyl Acetate is a flavoring — Artificial fruit essence; flavoring

Amyl Alcohol is a flavoring — Synthetic berry, chocolate, fruit, liquor, rum flavoring; nail polish solvent

Amylase (Bacterial) is a enzyme — Antibacterial enzyme from various fungi

Severe, rapid-onset, multi-system allergic reaction that can cause airway compromise, hypotension, and death.

Reaction that replenishes or restores a substrate, e.g., conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.

Excess body fat that accumulates centrally around the trunk.

Reduction in red blood cell mass or hemoglobin below normal for age and sex.

Hypoproliferative, normocytic, normochromic anemia caused by IL-6-driven hepcidin elevation that restricts iron release from macrophages and intestinal absorption, sequestering iron away from erythropoiesis.

Anethole is a flavoring — Flavoring (fruit, honey, licorice, anise, liquor, mint, root beer, sarsaparilla, spice, vanilla, wintergreen, birch beer)

Aniline is a other — Parent substance for many dyes and drugs; rubber accelerator; antioxidant

Anise is a flavoring — Flavoring in licorice, anise, pepperoni sausage, spice, vanilla flavorings

Annatto is a colorant — Yellow-pink natural vegetable dye and spice flavoring

Carbon comprising the carbonyl function that can form a ring with the highest-numbered chiral carbon's hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide.

Eating disorder defined by persistent energy restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbance in self-perceived body weight/shape.

Age-related decline in food intake driven by altered taste/smell, delayed gastric emptying, increased postprandial satiety hormones (CCK, PYY), reduced ghrelin response, and social factors.

Capable of producing anorexia or diminishing appetite.

Anthracene is a other — Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Measurement of body size, composition, and proportions used to assess nutritional status.

Antibiotic Residues is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Antibiotics is a veterinary drug — Growth promotion and feed efficiency in animals

Three-base sequences of nucleotides within transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules.

Dietary pattern emphasizing foods that reduce systemic inflammation, modeled on the Mediterranean diet with added focus on omega-3s and polyphenols.

antioxidant

Pertaining to the antrum, the lower or distal portion of the stomach.

At or near the apex; pertaining to the intestinal lumen side of an enterocyte.

Polymorphic apolipoprotein gene (ε2/ε3/ε4 alleles) that modulates lipoprotein metabolism, plasma cholesterol response to dietary fat, and Alzheimer disease risk.

Protein component of a lipoprotein particle.

Organized series of events that, once triggered, leads to cell death.

Apple Extract is a antioxidant — Reduces formation of gene-toxic heterocyclic amines in cooked meat

20-carbon omega-6 PUFA (20:4n-6) derived from linoleic acid and the principal substrate for prostaglandin (PGE2, PGI2), thromboxane (TXA2), and leukotriene (LTB4) synthesis via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.

Subcortical brain region that secretes appetite-enhancing neuropeptide Y and appetite-suppressing melanocortins.

Landmark NIH trials demonstrating that a specific antioxidant and zinc formulation slows progression of intermediate to advanced age-related macular degeneration.

Conditionally essential amino acid that is precursor for nitric oxide (via NOS), urea, creatine, polyamines, and proline, with semi-essential status in growth, pregnancy, trauma, and sepsis.

Organic compound that contains a benzene ring.

Arsenic is a veterinary drug — Animal drug to promote growth in poultry and swine

Artificial is a other — Term for substance not duplicated in nature

Ascorbic Acid is a antioxidant — Preservative and antioxidant; vitamin

Ascorbyl Palmitate is a antioxidant — Preservative and antioxidant for candy; prevents rancidity and browning of cut fruit

Aspartame is a artificial sweetener — Nonnutritive sweetener; about 200x sweeter than sugar

Astaxanthin is a colorant — Pink/red pigment in salmonid fish flesh; carotenoid

Impaired muscle coordination, especially during voluntary movement.

Mass of plaque consisting of degenerated, thickened arterial intima.

Narrowing of arteries by atherosclerotic plaque, leading to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Atrazine is a pesticide residue — Most commonly used herbicide in US on maize, sorghum, sugarcane

Digestion of intracellular components (including organelles) by lysosomes.

Autolyzed_Yeast_Extract is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Breakdown or digestion of body proteins, such as those found in blood or within cells.

Inheritance pattern of a gene on a non-sex chromosome in which only one copy of the gene is needed to express the trait.

Avermectin B And Delta is a veterinary drug — Broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antibiotic on dried citrus pulp and cottonseeds

DSM-5 eating disorder characterized by avoidance or restriction of food based on sensory characteristics, fear of aversive consequences (e.g., choking), or lack of interest in eating, leading to nutritional and/or psychosocial impairment without body image disturbance.

Azinphos Methyl is a pesticide residue — Insecticide

Azo Dyes is a colorant — Large category of food and cosmetic colorings

Azodicarbonamide is a bleaching agent — Bleaching and maturing additive for flour (up to 45 ppm)

Azorubine is a colorant — Red food coloring